حجرة مظلمة لتحميض الأفلام وطبع وتكبير الأوراق الحساسة الأبيض وأسود ٢-a

If you will be enlarging more than one image of the same negative, adjust the focus before exposing each image.

And there is a variable sized type to hold negatives of different sizes

Focus setting

E - Lens focuscr:

This is a way to move the lens closer or farther away. On the negative Adjusts the sharpness of the image on the photosensitive paper on the base of the magnifier. This is done either by Bellows bellows or by screwing the lens. There are some types in which the focus of the lens is adjusted automatically

And - the lens:

This is one of the most important parts of the amplifier and is usually sold separately. It's funny that some photographers buy the most expensive lens for their camera to get sharp pictures, and then ruin it all by buying a cheap, blunt lens for their enlarger.

Each film size needs its own lens. For example, a 35 mm film needs a lens with a focal length of 50 mm, and a 120 film (6 x 6 cm)
It needs a lens with a focal length of 75 to 80 mm. The widest aperture of the lens does not matter much as most of the zoom will be around F8. But the presence of a large aperture such as F2.8 helps to easily adjust the focus, especially when zooming to large sizes. It is preferable that the stops of the lens apertures make a sound (click) or that they be illuminated with a soft light so that you can adjust the aperture

needed in the dark.

Zoom in for large sizes. crosswise on the ground

General instructions when buying an amplifier:

Determine exactly the size and type of films you intend to enlarge. An enlarger for enlarging 35 mm films is only much cheaper than an enlarger for larger sizes.

. If you intend to enlarge color films, make sure that there is a drawer for placing filters above the negative holder, or the possibility of purchasing a special lighting house for color enlargements that can be installed on this magnifier

It is preferable to have the possibility of tilting the negative holder and the lens in relation to the vertical direction so that you can fix the perspective when enlarging (see Part Three).

. Make sure that the magnifier is completely seated when the magnifier head is raised to its highest height. . If you intend to magnify large sizes, make sure that the instrument pole can be rotated backwards or that the magnifier head can be tilted on it to the horizontal position
Here are some of the most popular zoom manufacturers: Durst, Beseler, Philips, Vivitar Rollei, Nikon, Grocus, Meopta, Omega, Leitz, etc.

2- Timer:

Here you will find that you need a stopwatch that gives you the exact time. It is preferable to fix this watch to be connected to the amplifier so that the amplifier lamp turns off when the required exposure time expires, which is usually estimated in seconds. It is preferable that this watch is also suitable for use in acidification, which is estimated in minutes. Its hands should be luminous in the dark, and a bell or whistle should sound when the time is up. There are luminous digital types that can be programmed to give several consecutive times, especially when developing color-sensitive films and papers.

Focuser: This is not very necessary, but it helps you to adjust the focus (make the image very sharp on sensitive paper), especially when enlarging to large sizes. A small hand tool may help you. But the best thing is a special scope that magnifies the image to the point of seeing the film grains, and this is called a telescope Grain Focuser In cases where you find it difficult to adjust the focus, you can use a negativity without it, and put it in the negative holder after wounding the sensitive surface with it.When the image of this wound becomes clear on the base of the magnifier, the focus has been set, so you remove this negative and put the required negative enlarge it
4- Easel or Paper holder:

This has the benefit of holding the sensitive paper on the base of the magnifier flat and in the same place on which the image will fall during the magnification. There are many types, the best of which has four arms to hold the paper in all respects and create a white edge around the image, and there are other types of borderless easel to hold the paper without a white edge. And the size of this mask must be the size of the largest size of sensitive paper that you wish to use, and it is preferable that its size is not less than 11 by 14 inches. Or sensitive paper can be pinned with needle pins, but with the heads of the pins outward so as not to cast a shadow on the image.

factor f

E- Camel hair brush:

Or an antistatic brush to remove dust from the amplifier and the negative

.

Blower:

To blow dust from the amplifier and the negative. In some countries, there are cans with compressed air to do this work. A rubber enema can be used, provided it is completely dry

7- Dodging aids:

This is what you make yourself to overexpose a place in the image (Burning in) or to prevent light from somewhere in the image (Holding Back). And for burning: take two pieces of cardboard approximately 20 by 25 cm. Cut a hole in their center, one of which is 2 cm in diameter and the other 4 cm in diameter.
shaders

Burning and shading cards: Take the two round pieces of cardboard previously cut from the two previous pieces, and stick them on a long thin wire stiffened with tarpaulin

Black tape or a paperclip

You can also make any shading and burning tools in any shape you want

Print exposure meter:

This scale is placed on the base of the magnifier after closing the lens to the required aperture. A measurement is taken of a part that you would like to have a medium gray color, such as the skin of the face, for example. It can measure the darkest place in the image and the lightest place and take the average.

Trimming board or cutter:
It should be the largest size to adjust the edges of the image, and it should be slightly larger than the paper you intend to use. Scissors are not suitable here because they do not give a completely straight edge, and you can dispense with this cutter by using an iron ruler and a razor. Paper is cut on a flat surface, the best of which is a smooth glass plate.

10- Tools for making repairs (Retouche):

A scalpel with a pointed tip, a fine brush for watercolor and black and white colors (especially for touch-ups), and a container for mixing colors (palette)

11- Sensitive paper: See chapter Sensitive paper.

12- Chemicals: see chapter Chemicals