النحت والفنون اللدنة ، من كتاب تكنولوجيا التصوير من ص ١٢ - ١٣

Sculpture and plastic arts: The art of sculpture deals with a three-dimensional mass present in the space in which ideas are expressed in various materials. The materials here determine the art of the work, the style, and the final aesthetic effect of the sculpture. As for the process or technique of the work, it comes in the second place: the engraving, casting, or shaping depends on the nature of stone, metal, wood, clay, plaster, and new types of plastics (plastics) that have developed greatly in recent years. Bronze sculpture has a smooth flow of design due to its material and to an art that is not available when using hard stone materials such as granite, basalt or marble. And that the basic forms of sculpture are standing forms and recessed carvings (and it may be colored with decorative colors or with an entity, if the latter historically constitutes a small percentage of what was produced from the works). The flowing sculpture takes three distinct forms: the floating or three-dimensional sculpture on the same surface of the material as we see in the ancient Egyptian works on antiquities, and the relief inscriptions on another surface separate from it, then the hollowing out that may combine the two parties and sculpture is the least appreciated art - at least in the ages Modern - because of its distance from the ordinary and its high costs .. and because it contains contents that are not suitable for all ages ... Sculpture, without all the arts, depends most of what depends on its location, so it needs the appropriate location and good lighting, studied scientific study to reveal its best features, and we have Sculpture has always been a great accessory to architecture. Perhaps its Lebanese borders are the reason why it has reached a higher rank than other fine arts. The art of building: The art of architectural building is a much greater art than just building. Architecture may be defined as a confined space arranged in connection with its function, materials, and location, and in it the symbolic function also includes the materials and the site embracing the aesthetic aspect and structural foundations. The architecture in its entirety is the greatest highlight of the style. And from its old models, a person can infer the state of real estate values, the importance or lack of importance of a scene, and the philosophy of life and death, which may shed strong light on modern models. Architecture may be religious, civil, residential, entertaining, educational, commercial, or industrial in relation to its function. It may also be auxiliary, as in bridges, walls, and forts, or memorial and decorative, as we see in the triumphal arches, as we see in Roman architecture and other memorial buildings. On the ancient building and its effects on the scenes, there are only three principles: the method of embroidering the columns and upper lintels on two columns, the method of arches that enable the creation of vaults and domes, then the method of vaults with one column and an upper lintel. As is the case in all arts, the principles of construction are limited to the materials used.

The type of material also affects the works of art, let us take, for example, the visual and constructive effect of mud bricks and bricks built with Egyptian lace (erroneously called English lace) or Flemish lace made of wire-cut or pressed bricks. Among the important factors are the scale, color, structure and proportions, the presence of symmetry or Its absence, decoration and general view are all important factors for architectural design, but the location is the dominant factor, and the use of space inside and outside and dealing with solid blocks makes architecture a difficult art. And its usefulness or purpose is what determines the design of the building basically, whether the benefit is symbolic, as in the Parthenon Temple in Athens, or purposeful (functional and practical), as we see in the hangars, or it combines purpose, functionality, and symbolism, as we see in the ancient Egyptian temples and St. Mark's Cathedral in Rome And other works of minor arts: $ The minor arts were not named by this name in fact because of their diminutiveness... but they constitute a special group that we can describe customarily within the materials of ceramics, glass, metals, textiles, ivory, precious stones, wood, linen, plastics, and plastics. In most cases, minor arts take the characteristics of the intentions of major fine arts The expression of ivory book covers in the Middle Ages clearly shows the techniques of sculpture • As for the Greek pottery, it displays the technical levels used in architecture. Minor arts are useful arts such as what is noticeable in tools of daily use such as currency, baskets, some furniture, tools, weapons and belts, and may be adorned with it as seen in stained glass windows, ornaments, decorative art or interior architecture and book covers. Or the industrial means of artwork (technology) when creating the artwork. Stones should be carved, not shaped, and colors should be applied by brush, knife, or air gun, or directly from pipes, and they cannot be built. The knowledge of engineering and the abundance of materials will reach to determine the foundations of construction in the architecture of any age. Undoubtedly, the spontaneous design of statuary carved into the side of a stone building contrasts with the fluidity of a quick watercolor sketch. It is not just speed that determines quality or badness in art. Rather, a painting in the fresco style should be completed in the shortest time to avoid drying of the mortar, while it is possible to work in an oil painting indefinitely, and it may seem that these limits are merely technical or mechanical borders, but they are in Realities are the basis of artistic creation, and must be placed in art in the position of absolute things