الطباعة - استخدام الحاسب - ترتيب الصفحات .. الحاسبات تعمل

Printing - Using the computer - Arranging pages

.. Computers work

Printing

Traditional methods of writing and editing require great human effort and strict adherence to deadlines in some cases, such as in the publication of newspapers and magazines. Writers and editors prepare a draft of the text, which may be reprinted on a typewriter several times before it is finally approved, in terms of style, content and size, then sent to the printing press where the typesetter prepares the text for printing.

(Contextual statement for arranging letters using the computer).

Several factors related to the arrangement of the text on the pages are taken into consideration when arranging letters, such as shifting words in lines so that the ends of words are arranged in a single regular line. If the line is shorter than necessary, the typesetter brings a word from the next line or increases the spaces between words. If the line is longer than necessary, the last word is moved to the next line, and so on. The typewriter avoids adding spaces between words in one place on each line, so that vertical spaces do not appear on the page. When arranging letters, the required margins at the edges of each page are also taken into account. If it is necessary to modify the text after arranging letters, a complete set of lines is removed and the new text is inserted, its words are moved and its margins are adjusted.

Using the computer

The computer is used in printing to move words in lines and to store the text, which greatly facilitates modifying, adding or deleting the text. The computer does not need any special features to perform these operations, but the necessary programs may be very complex.

The functions performed by the computer in printing are divided into three: outputting lines, outputting pages and modifying the text when necessary. The context diagram on the opposite page shows the main features of the required program. The text is entered into the computer by a special typewriter with additional touches that facilitate issuing the necessary instructions to the computer. The computer collects all the entered features and stores them. If the entered text is a modification of a previously processed text, the old text is modified and its words are moved again. If the text is new, the computer arranges it in lines until the page is complete. If the text is not finished, the computer returns to arranging the lines in new pages until the text is finished.

The computer counts the features and words as they enter the typewriter, and constantly searches for the word separator feature. If it finds it, it counts the total features in the line until the end of that word. If the line is not complete, it reads another word. At the end of the line, one of two situations occurs: either the line is completely complete with the end of the word, in which case the computer starts a new line in the same manner, or the number of features exceeds the required limit. What the computer does then depends on the instructions given to it in this regard. For example, Arabic texts and some Latin texts do not allow the word to be divided between the end of the line and the beginning of the next line. In this case, the computer moves the word to the next line and increases the separators between the words until the number of features in the line is complete. However, if it allows the division of some words that can be divided and adds a hyphen at the end of the line, the computer searches for the last word in the line in a stored list of words that can be divided. If it finds it, it divides it correctly, adds a hyphen after the first part of the word, and moves the words of the line as necessary, then begins the next line with the second part of the word. If the computer does not find the word in the aforementioned list, it may consider it indivisible and move it to the beginning of the next line, as previously mentioned, or the computer may ask for instructions on how to divide the word. If it is given, it executes it,

(Line arrangement (to the bottom) and an example of page arrangement (to the left).

And adds the word to the aforementioned list to refer to it in the future. And the computer takes into account when shifting words the increase of commas in different places on successive lines so that vertical spaces do not appear on the page.

It is worth noting that the computer can choose the appropriate Arabic letter shapes for the position of the letter in the word: The letters of the words are entered from the typewriter in one order, so if the word is completed with the comma feature, the computer examines the word and selects for each letter the order that suits its position in the word.

Page arrangement

The computer checks at the end of each line whether the text column and if the new line. has been completed, if it is completed, a new column begins designated for a certain shape, the computer leaves the necessary number of lines empty.

The computer also checks whether it is required to include a main or secondary title. If so, the computer enters the required title and leaves the appropriate space between it and the rest of the text. Then the computer checks Finally, whether any special arrangements are required before the next line. If not, the computer starts a new line and repeats the same pattern.

When the computer has finished processing the entire text, it outputs a perforated paper tape containing all the information needed to operate the automatic typewriter, or the computer may be connected directly to the typewriter, if the printing is by casting method, or if the printing is by offset method, the computer controls the film preparation machine, so that each page is prepared separately as a photographic negative which is later used to produce the required plates.

A single central computer can operate a number of typewriters or film preparation machines, in different locations, via telephone lines. Several branch offices of a newspaper, for example, can send local news texts directly to such a central computer.

(A system for typewriting and printing by computer, showing how texts are sent from a branch office to a typewriter via a central computer).