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ورقة التلامس .. المعالجة والطباعة .. كيفية التقاط وتطوير الصور بالأبيض والأسود
THE CONTACT SHEET
A contact sheet , also known as a proof sheet , is a print of several negatives made without enlargement and used as a visual reference . This is both a record of your black - and - white pictures and an aid to selecting a negative for making an enlargement . Normally , all the negatives from one roll of film are printed on a single contact sheet , and this is usually the first thing that is done after the film has been processed .
The equipment and materials are , more or less , those for normal printing . One extra item is a contact printing frame , or at least a sheet of glass for pressing down the negative strips onto the printing paper . An enlarger is not necessary for this stage but , as the point of making a contact sheet is to prepare for printing , you might as well use the enlarger as a light source .
First prepare the chemicals : developer , stop bath and fixer . If you intend to continue with a printing session , make sufficient quantities for a number of prints .
MAKING A CONTACT PRINT
1. Using a graduate , mix each solution in turn , washing the graduate thor- oughly between mixings . The developer at least should be at 20 ° C ; the stop bath and fixer can be between 18 and 24 ° C .
2. Fill three trays with the solutions to a depth of about 1 / 2in . Arrange them in order and , if you need the remainder , label them .
3. Turn the safelight on and the room light off . Wash and dry your hands .
4. Adjust the enlarger so that , with no negative in the carrier and de - focused it illuminates an area large enough to cover the contact printing frame .
ABOVE Contact sheets are both easy to produce and provide a quick means for assessing your negatives . To make the most of the sheets , however , it is wise to invest in a magnifier of some description .
Clean with an airbrush the strip of negatives that you wish to make a contact sheet from .
Ensure that the contact printing frame is free from dust and grit that may show on the contact sheet .
Arrange the clean strips of negatives in the printing frame , emulsion side down .
Adjust the enlarger so that , with no negative in the carrier and de - focused , it illuminates an area large enough to cover the printing frame .
Ensure that your printing paper is placed emulsion side up on the base of the contact printing frame .
Close the frame and place it on the enlarger's baseboard . Make the exposure , and remember that here it may be necessary to experiment .
5. Remove one sheet of paper from its box and place it , emulsion side up , on the base of the contact printing frame . Arrange the negative strips on top , emulsion side down .
6. Close the frame , and place it on the enlarger's baseboard . Make the ex- posure ( you will need to experiment with this the first time ) .
7. Remove the paper , slide it into the developer , and rock the tray gently for one minute .
8. Using tongs , take the paper out of the developer , drain it for a few seconds and slide it into the stop bath . Rock the tray for several seconds .
9. Remove and drain , then slide into the fixer . Agitate repeatedly for about two minutes . You can turn the room light on after 30sec .
10. Remove and wash in running water for about four minutes , with the water at the same temperature as the previous solutions .
11. Dry on a flat surface , having wiped off excess moisture with a squeegee .
BELOW Trying to find the best shot from a sequence in negative form can be - to say the least - tricky , and this is where the contact sheet comes into its own . Once the choice has been made , the negative can be singled out on the sheet by marking it with a soft , erasable pencil such as a chinagraph .
TOP AND ABOVE The very fact that a contact sheet image is so small means that any mistakes during the printing or processing will make the picture virtually unviewable . Always ensure that your chemicals are fresh , and that the sheet is thoroughly washed .
THE CONTACT SHEET
A contact sheet , also known as a proof sheet , is a print of several negatives made without enlargement and used as a visual reference . This is both a record of your black - and - white pictures and an aid to selecting a negative for making an enlargement . Normally , all the negatives from one roll of film are printed on a single contact sheet , and this is usually the first thing that is done after the film has been processed .
The equipment and materials are , more or less , those for normal printing . One extra item is a contact printing frame , or at least a sheet of glass for pressing down the negative strips onto the printing paper . An enlarger is not necessary for this stage but , as the point of making a contact sheet is to prepare for printing , you might as well use the enlarger as a light source .
First prepare the chemicals : developer , stop bath and fixer . If you intend to continue with a printing session , make sufficient quantities for a number of prints .
MAKING A CONTACT PRINT
1. Using a graduate , mix each solution in turn , washing the graduate thor- oughly between mixings . The developer at least should be at 20 ° C ; the stop bath and fixer can be between 18 and 24 ° C .
2. Fill three trays with the solutions to a depth of about 1 / 2in . Arrange them in order and , if you need the remainder , label them .
3. Turn the safelight on and the room light off . Wash and dry your hands .
4. Adjust the enlarger so that , with no negative in the carrier and de - focused it illuminates an area large enough to cover the contact printing frame .
ABOVE Contact sheets are both easy to produce and provide a quick means for assessing your negatives . To make the most of the sheets , however , it is wise to invest in a magnifier of some description .
Clean with an airbrush the strip of negatives that you wish to make a contact sheet from .
Ensure that the contact printing frame is free from dust and grit that may show on the contact sheet .
Arrange the clean strips of negatives in the printing frame , emulsion side down .
Adjust the enlarger so that , with no negative in the carrier and de - focused , it illuminates an area large enough to cover the printing frame .
Ensure that your printing paper is placed emulsion side up on the base of the contact printing frame .
Close the frame and place it on the enlarger's baseboard . Make the exposure , and remember that here it may be necessary to experiment .
5. Remove one sheet of paper from its box and place it , emulsion side up , on the base of the contact printing frame . Arrange the negative strips on top , emulsion side down .
6. Close the frame , and place it on the enlarger's baseboard . Make the ex- posure ( you will need to experiment with this the first time ) .
7. Remove the paper , slide it into the developer , and rock the tray gently for one minute .
8. Using tongs , take the paper out of the developer , drain it for a few seconds and slide it into the stop bath . Rock the tray for several seconds .
9. Remove and drain , then slide into the fixer . Agitate repeatedly for about two minutes . You can turn the room light on after 30sec .
10. Remove and wash in running water for about four minutes , with the water at the same temperature as the previous solutions .
11. Dry on a flat surface , having wiped off excess moisture with a squeegee .
BELOW Trying to find the best shot from a sequence in negative form can be - to say the least - tricky , and this is where the contact sheet comes into its own . Once the choice has been made , the negative can be singled out on the sheet by marking it with a soft , erasable pencil such as a chinagraph .
TOP AND ABOVE The very fact that a contact sheet image is so small means that any mistakes during the printing or processing will make the picture virtually unviewable . Always ensure that your chemicals are fresh , and that the sheet is thoroughly washed .
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