تويت
المعالجة الأساسية .. المعالجة والطباعة .. كيفية التقاط وتطوير الصور بالأبيض والأسود
BASIC PROCESSING
First of all , read the instructions that come with the developer very carefully . There are two important variables that are linked - the development time and the temperature - and the leaflet will show your choices . The normal tempera- ture for black - and - white films is 20 ° C ( 68 ° F ) , but there is a range cooler and warmer than this that can be used , provided that you adjust the development time . Typically , for each 2 degrees C ( 3.6 ° F ) cooler , add 10 % to the time , and for each 2 degrees C warmer ( 3.6 ° F ) , develop for 10 % less time . The workable temperature range is normally from about 18-24 ° C ( 64-75 ° F ) .
Plan the times from the point at which the tank has been filled to the point at which it has been drained . So , first practice pouring away a solution so that you know how long it will take .
Once you have filled the tank with developer , it needs to be agitated so that the solution acts evenly on all parts of the film . There are a number of tech- niques , but the most common is that shown , in which the tank is inverted ( be sure that the cap is secure on the central filling hole and that you hold the tank in such a way that the lid cannot fall off ) . If you do not agitate enough , the emulsion will be developed unevenly , but there will be a different type of unevenness , called surge marks , if there is too much agitation .
In place of the stop bath ( a mild solution of acetic acid ) , you could use plain water , although this does not halt the development as quickly . Both this and the fixer can be re - used several times . If it is important to complete the processing quickly , two other things will help . One is a rapid fixer instead of the normal version ; the other is a clearing agent called hypo eliminator , which is used after the fix to reduce washing time from 30 to five minutes .
1. First mix the developer to the required dilution , and bring it to 20 ° C / 68 ° F ( or another recommended temperature ) by placing the graduated jug in a deep dish of warm water .
2. Pour the developer into the tank . Start the time .
3. Smartly tap the tank on a hard surface to dislodge any air bubbles .
4. Agitate the tank as recommended .
5. Pour away the developer about 10 seconds before the end of time - or at least , so that the timer finishes just as the tank is emptied .
6. Pour in stop bath or water . Agitate as recommended .
7. Return the stop bath to its container at the end of the set time .
8. Pour in fixer and agitate as recommended .
9. Return the fixer to its bottle for further use .
10. Remove the tank's lid and wash the film by inserting a short length of hose into the core of the reel .
11. When the wash is complete , add a few drops of wetting agent . This checks the risk of drying marks .
12. Attach a film clip to the exposed end of the film , and pull out from its reel .
13. Hang the film on a clothes line , weighting the lower end with a second clip . down the strip to remove drops of water or squeegee sponge Run a wetted .
BELOW Certain basic precautions can , if taken , make the difference between success and disaster . These include using clean graduates , mixing powdered chemicals thoroughly and ensuring correct solution strength . When loading film , check the drum lid is secure to prevent light leaks , and that the film is not buckled . mid - frame when being loaded .
- Preserving Chemicals
Clean graduates to prevent contamination
Water at correct temperature
If powdered chemicals , mix thoroughly
If chemicals used previously , make sure they are not exhausted or contaminated
Ensure correct solution strength
- Loading Film
Secure lid to avoid possibility . of light leak
Check for possible light leaks in changing bag or darkroom
If incorrectly loaded , adjacent , spirals of film may touch
Take care not to buckle film here
Dry spiral thoroughly after use , to avoid staining next roll
When uncoiled in darkroom . film may be scratched . Keep work surface clear
- Black - and - White Film Processing Procedure
Before beginning black and white processing , there are a number of important points to remember . Firstly , it is important that all chemicals are fresh . Secondly , ensure that your darkroom is completely light proof ; too many films are ruined by light leaks . Lastly , ensure that the film is well agitated in the developer solution .
1. In complete darkness , open the cassette by prising off the end with a bottle opener or special cassette opener . Take out the film and cut off the tongue .
2. Holding the film by its edges , bow it carefully and attach the end to the spike or clip at the core of the stainless steel reel . Rotate the reel so that the film is pulled out along the special grooves and thread the film inwards from rim .
3. Trim off the end of the film that was attached to the cassette spool , lower the loaded reel into the developer tank and replace the lid . The room light can now be switched on .
4. Having checked the temperature of the developer solution , pour it quickly into the tank . When full , tap the tank to dislodge air bubbles , and fit the cap that covers the lid's central opening .
5. Trip the timer switch . During development , agitate the tank by rocking it backwards and forwards to ensure even application of the solution . Agitate for 15 seconds every minute .
6. At the end of the development time , quickly pour out the developer . Pour in stop bath and agitate continuously for 30 seconds . Pour out and re - fill with fixer for the time recommended by the manufacturer .
7. When the fixing period is over , empty the tank , take off the lid and insert a hose from the cold water tap into the core of the reel . Wash for at least 30 minutes in gently running water . Strong water pressure may damage the emulsion .
8. Before removing the reel from the tank , add a few drops of wetting agent to avoid drying marks . Attach film to a hanger clip , pull out and gently wipe off the bulk of the moisture . Hang to dry in a space free from dust and air movement .
BASIC PROCESSING
First of all , read the instructions that come with the developer very carefully . There are two important variables that are linked - the development time and the temperature - and the leaflet will show your choices . The normal tempera- ture for black - and - white films is 20 ° C ( 68 ° F ) , but there is a range cooler and warmer than this that can be used , provided that you adjust the development time . Typically , for each 2 degrees C ( 3.6 ° F ) cooler , add 10 % to the time , and for each 2 degrees C warmer ( 3.6 ° F ) , develop for 10 % less time . The workable temperature range is normally from about 18-24 ° C ( 64-75 ° F ) .
Plan the times from the point at which the tank has been filled to the point at which it has been drained . So , first practice pouring away a solution so that you know how long it will take .
Once you have filled the tank with developer , it needs to be agitated so that the solution acts evenly on all parts of the film . There are a number of tech- niques , but the most common is that shown , in which the tank is inverted ( be sure that the cap is secure on the central filling hole and that you hold the tank in such a way that the lid cannot fall off ) . If you do not agitate enough , the emulsion will be developed unevenly , but there will be a different type of unevenness , called surge marks , if there is too much agitation .
In place of the stop bath ( a mild solution of acetic acid ) , you could use plain water , although this does not halt the development as quickly . Both this and the fixer can be re - used several times . If it is important to complete the processing quickly , two other things will help . One is a rapid fixer instead of the normal version ; the other is a clearing agent called hypo eliminator , which is used after the fix to reduce washing time from 30 to five minutes .
1. First mix the developer to the required dilution , and bring it to 20 ° C / 68 ° F ( or another recommended temperature ) by placing the graduated jug in a deep dish of warm water .
2. Pour the developer into the tank . Start the time .
3. Smartly tap the tank on a hard surface to dislodge any air bubbles .
4. Agitate the tank as recommended .
5. Pour away the developer about 10 seconds before the end of time - or at least , so that the timer finishes just as the tank is emptied .
6. Pour in stop bath or water . Agitate as recommended .
7. Return the stop bath to its container at the end of the set time .
8. Pour in fixer and agitate as recommended .
9. Return the fixer to its bottle for further use .
10. Remove the tank's lid and wash the film by inserting a short length of hose into the core of the reel .
11. When the wash is complete , add a few drops of wetting agent . This checks the risk of drying marks .
12. Attach a film clip to the exposed end of the film , and pull out from its reel .
13. Hang the film on a clothes line , weighting the lower end with a second clip . down the strip to remove drops of water or squeegee sponge Run a wetted .
BELOW Certain basic precautions can , if taken , make the difference between success and disaster . These include using clean graduates , mixing powdered chemicals thoroughly and ensuring correct solution strength . When loading film , check the drum lid is secure to prevent light leaks , and that the film is not buckled . mid - frame when being loaded .
- Preserving Chemicals
Clean graduates to prevent contamination
Water at correct temperature
If powdered chemicals , mix thoroughly
If chemicals used previously , make sure they are not exhausted or contaminated
Ensure correct solution strength
- Loading Film
Secure lid to avoid possibility . of light leak
Check for possible light leaks in changing bag or darkroom
If incorrectly loaded , adjacent , spirals of film may touch
Take care not to buckle film here
Dry spiral thoroughly after use , to avoid staining next roll
When uncoiled in darkroom . film may be scratched . Keep work surface clear
- Black - and - White Film Processing Procedure
Before beginning black and white processing , there are a number of important points to remember . Firstly , it is important that all chemicals are fresh . Secondly , ensure that your darkroom is completely light proof ; too many films are ruined by light leaks . Lastly , ensure that the film is well agitated in the developer solution .
1. In complete darkness , open the cassette by prising off the end with a bottle opener or special cassette opener . Take out the film and cut off the tongue .
2. Holding the film by its edges , bow it carefully and attach the end to the spike or clip at the core of the stainless steel reel . Rotate the reel so that the film is pulled out along the special grooves and thread the film inwards from rim .
3. Trim off the end of the film that was attached to the cassette spool , lower the loaded reel into the developer tank and replace the lid . The room light can now be switched on .
4. Having checked the temperature of the developer solution , pour it quickly into the tank . When full , tap the tank to dislodge air bubbles , and fit the cap that covers the lid's central opening .
5. Trip the timer switch . During development , agitate the tank by rocking it backwards and forwards to ensure even application of the solution . Agitate for 15 seconds every minute .
6. At the end of the development time , quickly pour out the developer . Pour in stop bath and agitate continuously for 30 seconds . Pour out and re - fill with fixer for the time recommended by the manufacturer .
7. When the fixing period is over , empty the tank , take off the lid and insert a hose from the cold water tap into the core of the reel . Wash for at least 30 minutes in gently running water . Strong water pressure may damage the emulsion .
8. Before removing the reel from the tank , add a few drops of wetting agent to avoid drying marks . Attach film to a hanger clip , pull out and gently wipe off the bulk of the moisture . Hang to dry in a space free from dust and air movement .
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