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internal energy
energy on the internet

Internal energy. This term is sometimes used to describe the energy contained in a sample of matter. There are two principles in the kinetic model that say: particles of matter are constantly moving, and particles of matter are attracting each other. Thus, any particle is a sample of potential energy and kinetic energy at the same time. The internal energy is their sum.


internal reflection
internal reflexion

Internal reflection.
See total internal reflection.


internalresistance
Resistance to the Internet

Internal resistance. The (electrical) cell, battery or generator provides a voltage (elec tromotive force) that passes an electrical current through an external circuit, and also through itself. There is resistance, no matter how small, inside the source of the electric motive force, which is a resistance resulting from the loss of voltage as a result of the internal resistance of the source.

inverse square law
Loif de l'inverse du carré

Square . The inverse square law is a general physical law that says that the intensity of an effect decreases in inverse proportion to the distance separating the effect from the source. For example, the temperature of a fire falling - for example - on the surface of a square centimeter decreases if the distance is doubled, to (1/2) 2 of its previous value, that is, to a quarter of that value. This law applies to radiation and force fields, and so on:

I a 1 / S²

Where I is the intensity and s is the separation distance. So
We defined intensity as the rate of energy transfer over a unit area. The diagram below shows why this law is true.


inverting amplifier
amplificateur m inverseur

Inverting amplifier. See operational amplifier.


ion
ion m

A stray. ion. An atom or group of charged atoms, i.e. an atom whose cloud contains many or few electrons. The first type is negative, or “downward” cation, and the second type is positive, or “upward” anion. Metals are composed of ions (cores) in an electron gas. Electrolytes contain stalagmites and stalactites.
See conduction, electric and electrolysis

Displacement involves the transfer of energy in most cases. To displace a substance, one can pass a charge through it, raise its temperature, or make it absorb radiation. See also emission, electron.
If the ions come together, there is a transfer of energy into radiation, which is often light.
See discharge and radiation detector.


isobar
isobare m

Isobaric line. A line on a weather map connecting points where air pressure is equal. Winds tend to cross this line from the high pressure area to the low pressure area. However, the way the Earth rotates around itself makes the picture less simple.


isotopes
isotopes mpl

Isotopes. Types of one chemical element that have the same number of protons and different numbers of neutrons, and thus have different physical properties. A chemical element is defined by the number of protons Z in its nucleus. The number of protons is equal to the number of electrons in the atom cloud if the atom is neutral. However, the nucleus does not contain a fixed number of neutrons. The formulas that differ in the number of neutrons are isotopes of the element.

Hydrogen, the element with one proton in each nucleus, has three isotopes. The following table shows the structure of these isotopes, the number of their protons, Z, the number of neutrons, N, and the number of their nuclei, A.

Element
hydrogen

peer
hydrogen
Du Terium
Tritium

A sample of deuterium is twice as heavy as a similar number of atoms. This substance is often called heavy hydrogen. As for tritium, it is three times denser, it is radioactive, and its half-life is short, and therefore it is not found on the ground.
See also uranium.