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Academia - Collins Scientific Pocket Dictionaries - Biology
English - French - Arabic letter 2_ V

vena cava
vein in cave

vena cava. The largest veins in the circulatory system in vertebrates. In mammals, it is one of two main veins:

(a) Superior vena cava. It carries blood from the head, neck, and upper extremities to the right atrium of the heart.
(b) inferior vena cava,
It carries blood from the rest of the body and from the lower extremities to the right atrium.


ventral
ventral

my belly. A description of the features of the surface of the organism that usually faces downwards or what is on it or near it. In humans, it describes the surface facing forward. Compare with dorsal.


ventricle
ventricule m

Ventricle.
See heartbeat and heart .


vertebral column (or backbone)
colonne f vertical

The spine (or back chain). A series of closely packed bones (vertebrae) or cartilages that run along the back from the skull to the tail in vertebrates. It is the main longitudinal support structure and contains and protects the spinal cord. See endoskeleton.


villi (singular villus)
Villosites fpl. villus mpl

fluff. (Singular: Zaghaba). 1 - Finger-shaped protrusions in the intestine of a vertebrate animal. Their large number increases the surface area available for food absorption. See ileum.

2 - Finger-shaped protrusions that arise from the mammal’s placenta inside the uterus wall, increasing the area of ​​contact between maternal tissues and fetal tissues.


virus
virus m

virus. The smallest known living particle has a diameter
Between 0.025 and 0.25 microns, viruses are parasites that are contagious to animals, plants, and bacteria. Virus infections in humans include measles, polio, and influenza.

The virus particle consists of a protein coat surrounding a piece of nucleic acid, either DNA or RNA.

A virus that infects a bacterium

The bacteria's cell wall ruptures and releases many new viruses

The virus's nuclear material is injected into the bacterium and causes new virus fragments to assemble

Bacterium: The virus attaches to the germ


vitamins
vitamines fpl

Vitamins. Organic compounds that living organisms need in small quantities. Vitamins, such as enzymes, play a vital role in chemical reactions within the body and often regulate enzyme action. Lack of vitamins in the human diet leads to deficiency diseases.

The following table summarizes the properties of some vitamins
Important:

The vitamin - its rich sources - the effects of its deficiency

Vitamin A
Milk, liver, butter, fresh vegetables.
Night blindness, delayed development.

Vitamin B
Yeast, liver.
Rosacea beriberi: loss of appetite and weakness.

Vitamin B2
Yeast, liver.
Impetigo: skin infections, weakness, mental illness.

Vitamin C
Citrus fruits, fresh green vegetables
Scurvy: bleeding gums, loss of teeth, weakness.

Vitamin D
Eggs, cod liver oil
Rickets is an abnormal bone formation

Vitamin E
Fresh green vegetables, milk
It is believed to affect the ability to reproduce

Vitamin K
Fresh vegetables
Poor blood clotting


vivacious humour
Home in life

Vitreous mixing. A transparent, jelly-like substance that fills the cavity behind the lens in the eye of a vertebrate animal. See eye.

voluntary (striated) muscles
Muscles mpl volontaires

Voluntary (striated) muscles. Muscles connect parts of the mammalian skeleton and are subject to conscious control, such as the muscles of the limbs, the muscles of the face and mouth, etc. The voluntary muscles that are related to the movement of the limb are connected to the bones by tendons and lead to movement by contracting and tightening the bones, especially at the joints.
See involuntary muscles and antagonis tic muscles.