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Academia - Collins Scientific Pocket Dictionaries - Biology
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germination
germination f

Intoxication. Growth begins in spores and seeds, which often follows a period of dormancy and usually only begins under certain environmental conditions. Examples of these conditions include the availability of water, oxygen, and appropriate temperature. If these conditions are not present, the spores and seeds may remain alive for a period of time before germination, and in this case they will be dormant.

Subterranean and superficial germination

Two leaves within a cover
Goofy sprouting (broad beans)
Two shoots create light
The cover splits
The root emerges
Water absorption
Through a skylight
Superficial germination (French beans)

Seed germination in flowering plants: There are two types of germination, hypogeal and epigeal. These two types are distinguished by what happens to the cotyledons during the growth of the seedling. In both cases, water is absorbed through the micropyle, the seed coat (testa) splits and opens, and the radicle emerges.


gestation period
period of gestation

pregnancy period. See pregnancy.


gills
branchesies fpl

A boy. gills. Gas-ex change surface in aquatic animals. In fish, the gills are usually internal and emanate from the phaynx, while in amphibian larvae, they are external.
See gas exchange (fish).

.
glomerulus
glomerule m

Glomerulus blood capillaries inside Bowman's capsule
In the kidney of a mammal. See kidney.

glottis
glotte f

flute. The opening of the larynx on the pharynx in vertebrates.


glucose
glucose m

Glucose is a monosaccharide carbohydrate synthesized by green plants during photosynthesis and serves as an important source of energy in animal and plant cells. See respiration and monosaccharide.


glycogen
glycogen m

Glycogen. Polysaccharide carbohydrate consists of branched chains of glucose units and is important as an energy store in animals. In vertebrates, glycogen is stored in muscle cells and liver cells and is immediately converted into glucose by amylase enzymes.
See polysaccharides insulin.


goblet cells
Cellules fpl calciformes

Goblet cells Cells specialized for specific epithelia that synthesize and secrete mucus. Goblet cells are common in vertebrate animals, as is the case - for example - in the intestinal and respiratory ducts of mammals.

Epithelial cells
Mucus-secreting goblet cells


gonads
gonades fpl

Gonads. Organs in animals produce gametes, and sometimes hormones, such as the ovaries.
And testicles.


graafian follicle
follicule f de Graaf

Dugraf's follicle. A fluid-filled cavity in the ovary in mammals, inside which the ovum develops. ovulation


growth
croissance f

Growth: An increase in organ size and complexity during development from embryo to maturity as a result of cell enlargement, cell division, and cell differentiation. Growth in plants begins in certain specific areas called meristems, while animal growth occurs throughout the body. See primary growth and secondary growth


guard cells
Cellules fpl défense

Guard cells. Paired cells adjoin the stomata and control their opening and closing. The spread of water diffusion from the adjacent epidermis cells to the guard cells leads to the expansion of these cells and their turgor. But this expansion is not coordinated and uniform. Rather, the thicker and inelastic cell walls cause them to bend so that a pair of guard cells pull aside to form a change. The diffusion of water from the guard cells reverses the process and closes the stomata. The stomata are usually open during the day and closed at night.

Opening of the gap
Closing of the stoma
Epidermal cell
cells
Guardian
cells
Guardian
Atrophied
swollen

gut. gut
intestin m

with me. All or part of the alimentary canal.


gynaecium
gynoecium m. gynecée m

The female organ. A collective name for the female reproductive structures in the flower, i.e. carpels.