أكاديميا - كولنز معاجم الجيب العلمية - البيولوجيا انكليزي - فرنسي - عربي الحرف ٤_ c

Academia - Collins Scientific Pocket Dictionaries - Biology
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choroid
Choroïde f

Choroid. A layer of cells outside the retina of the vertebrate eye. See eye.


chromosomes
chromosomes mpl

Chromosomes. Genetic material inside the nuclei of cells that connects one generation to the next. Each species has a special number and specific types of chromosomes. For example, the number of chromosomes in humans is 46. When the cell divides by mitosis, this diploid number of chromosomes remains the same in the two new cells. Haploid nuclei contain half the diploid number of chromosomes, and these are the result of meiosis. Two haploid gametes combine to form a diploid zygote.

Chromosomes control cell activity. It contains lower units called genes, which in turn contain information encoded in the form of the chemical compound DNA. Chromosomes in diploid cells are found in similar pairs called homologous pairs. Thus, a diploid human cell contains 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes.

Homologous chromosomes
Sogbaid
Aksumi Centre
. See mitosis, meiosis, and genes


cilia
cils mpl

cilia. Moving microscopic threads emanate from the surfaces of certain cells, and their movement coordinates with each other like paddles. Cilia are found in the epithelium of certain vertebrates, where they cause movement of particles in the trachea, oviduct, and uterus. . etc. In some organisms of the protozoan phylum, such as Paramecium, cilia cause movement of the entire organism.

Para mesium
Ciliated epithelium
cilia
. see flagellum


ciliary muscle
muscle m ciliaire

ciliary muscle. Tissue is found in the eye of vertebrates and is responsible for adaptation.
. accommodation and eye see


circulatory system
Appareil mcirculatoire

Circulatory device. Any system in animals composed of...
Vessels in which fluids circulate, such as: blood circulation and the lymphatic system.
In mammals, there are two overlapping blood cycles, meaning that there is one cycle between the heart and lungs and another cycle between the heart and the body. This arrangement is called a double circulatory system, as blood flows through both circulations always in the same direction and passes through the heart repeatedly. See the following chart.

class. class
class f

Describe a unit used to classify living organisms and consist of one or more orders.


classification
classification f

classification . The method of arranging living organisms based on similarity in structure and sorting them into groups indicates how closely they are related to each other and also indicates the evolutionary relationship between them. Carl Von Linne (Linaeus) had developed the modern classification system in the eighteenth century, whereby organisms are first gathered into large groups called kingdoms, and these are divided into smaller groups called phyla in the case of animals, and divisions in plants, and these are divided into their seeds. into classes, orders, and families, with each subdivision producing a subgroup containing an ever-decreasing number of members, but with increasing common features, and eventually grouping the members into genera (genus), which are collections of species and nothing else It is common for scholars to disagree about how to classify certain organisms. See the table.