البترول الخام في مظهره العام .. كتاب في سبيل موسوعة علمية .. الدكتور أحمد ذكي

Crude oil in its general appearance

The appearance of crude oil varies from country to country, and may...
It varies from field to field.
In terms of color, it varies from yellow brown to black.
In terms of temperament, some of the apparent viscosity is thick.
Some are very fluid and fluid.
We take as an example Mexico's crude oil
It is black and relatively sticky.
Sahara desert oil and Pennsylvania oil are yellowish brown in color and have low viscosity.
As for Middle Eastern oil, it is intermediate between these two.

- Petroleum installation:

Here it is necessary to delve into chemistry in a gentle manner, thereby fulfilling the rights of the few readers who have not studied chemistry, or have studied it and forgotten about it.

There is no reader who does not know that elements are composed of atoms, that these atoms are combined to form compounds, and that the smallest part of a compound is called a molecule.

The water molecule consists of two hydrogen atoms separated by an oxygen atom. A small amount of water contains millions upon millions of these molecules.

Petroleum consists of various chemical compounds, but what they all have in common is that its molecules consist of two elements: carbon atoms and hydrogen atoms.

For this reason, we call these compounds hydrogenated or hydrogenated carbons, that is, those that have combined with hydrogen or hydrogen. In English, it is Hydrocarbons

The smallest of these compounds is the gas known as pond gas because
It comes out of its water due to the decomposition of some organic materials in it. Its scientific name is methane.
It is a proper name that cannot be translated.

Methane is the smallest compound found in petroleum. Rather, it is the smallest organic carbon compound. Organic is everything that originally came from a living body with organs from a plant or animal.

The first fact related to atoms is noted in methane: that the atom has known lattices that extend it to other atoms to unite with them. The number of these clips is fixed. They are known as union clamps.

The carbon atom has 4 lattices.
And the adrogen atom (which is the lightest of all atoms) has it
One clip.
When the carbon atom in methane wanted to unite with hydrogen, it united with four hydrogen atoms.
Thus, we say that the carbon atom has been saturated.

The second largest compound after methane is ethane, and its molecule is as follows:

That is, it contains two carbon atoms (two black balls) intertwined in a union together. So, 3 lattices remained for each, and they used these to unite each with three atoms of adrogen (small white balls).

The compound after methane is propane, and its molecule is as follows:

That is, three carbon atoms, with 8 hydrogen atoms.
and so on .

It is a successive series of organic compounds, one molecule of the compound is larger than the molecule of the compound that preceded it, one carbon atom (K) and two atoms of hydrogen (hand 2). It is similar to the arithmetic sequence for those who knew it while studying arithmetic in secondary schools.

When we reach the tenth compound of this series, its molecule consists of 10 carbon atoms and 22 hydrogen atoms, and its chemical symbol becomes 10 hand 22.

As we ascend in this sequence, its molecules become heavier and therefore less volatile and evaporate. In fact, methane is a gas under normal conditions, as is ethane, and so is propane, and so is the fourth compound, butane. So if we come to the fifth: which is pentane (pentane in Greek means five). We found it to be a liquid that evaporates at 36 degrees Celsius. The sixth is hexane (hexane in Greek, which means six) is a liquid that boils at 69 degrees Celsius, and the seventh is heptane, which boils at 98 degrees Celsius, that is, close to the boiling point of water. We jump to the thirteenth compound in the if sequence and find it is a liquid that boils at 234 degrees Celsius. We have arrived at The compound whose molecule is 25 carbon atoms has reached solid compounds at normal air temperature. that it
Compounds that make up wax.

(Many drugs are made from petroleum chemicals)