الطباعة الباردة ٤_a .. كتاب صحافة الغد

The second and easiest form of correction is to enter the correction directly through the typewriter connected to the electronic mind, and in front of each corrected line there is a number, so the correction is done inside the mind.

As for the Siemens 3003 device, it can receive written materials directly from the writer, correct them, and output them printed on film from the imaging device without using perforated tape. It can be collected by shooting on film at a speed of 10 per square centimeter per second. He can give a rehearsal at a speed of 54 thousand lines. - Each line consists of 132 characters - per hour. It can store 12 million characters on its magnetic tape. The disk stores 26 million characters. That is, a 20-page daily newspaper containing about 250,000 characters can be read by a punch tape device in about 10 minutes. This device can enter materials into it without any specific order of news or topics and at any hour of the day or night, and it will arrange and classify them. Corrections can also be entered into it at any time without a specific order, and it will enter each correction in its appropriate place.

Thus, the correction is placed inside the mind's magnetic storehouse, and then the corrected tape is downloaded when the command to combine is issued.

There is a Lumitip 900 device (called the Photon device in America) that can type two million characters per hour. There is only one device in Washington, and the company now manufactures 19 devices of this type for the United States alone.

As for the Digiset device, manufactured by Hell, it collects more than a million letters per hour, meaning that it collects 4 pages of a small magazine in 40 seconds and a full page of a regular newspaper in two and a half minutes. This device can carry out the process of organizing (ejecting) the page through its electronic mind, and it can change the shape of the letter and make it Roman, italic, or long according to request. He can also draw tables and frames.

The Linotype company has made a great effort in this field, fearing the end of the era of traditional adding machines (80,000 adding machines in the world), so it entered with its experience in the automated adding process, and was able to compete with other companies in this field and in the past two years it provided several photographic adding devices. The most important of which are the Linofilm device and the Linotron device, which is the fastest device in the world.

The Linotype company says that photocopying is the way of the future, and that shotcopping machines are on the way to extinction. Press institutions no longer ignore the benefits they gain in exchange for what they spend on this modern equipment.

Its device (Lino Film) is distinguished by several important points. It brings together all types of assets, from traditional topics and news to advertisements in all production possibilities, as it provides a series of character sizes ranging from 4 font to 36 font styles.

The company's director says in his report: The story of collecting letters with photography is a story of development rather than innovation. As was the case with the method. To collect letters using molten metal, a number of methods were tried, and some were excluded before arriving at the correct method. In each case, the development period lasted for decades. The first experiments with collecting letters by mechanical methods took place in the middle of the nineteenth century, based on the principle of assembling letters, not templates. When these did not produce results, In order to obtain satisfactory results, I made a machine to perforate the whole thread on smooth paper for pouring. This method made adjustments difficult and corrections impossible. When Mergenthaler came up with the idea of ​​mechanically assembling the molds and casting line after line on the same machine, the industry fully welcomed the mechanical assembly method.

Different methods were also tried to combine letters with photography. The first researchers in this field were not trained in printing matters, and therefore they made intuitive errors. Letters with photography first solved the problem of adjusting the lines. The characteristics that most of the early photographic letter-collecting machines shared were that they were transferred from molten-metal letter-collecting machines. Although this procedure was proven possible, it gave these machines the same mechanical limitations as molten metal collecting machines instead of taking advantage of the special capabilities of photography.

Among those who studied the problems of combining letters in photography with copper bars was Freeze-Green, the inventor of the motion picture camera. In 1916, the German Adolf Müller invented the idea of ​​replacing the metal bowl of type machines with a photographic machine, and modified the templates to conform to the new situation. This experiment was carried out by the Mergenthaler Linotype Company at the beginning of its research into collecting letters with photography, and a model of this type was displayed in the United States of America in 1950. However, factory owners realized that this method was primitive and did not take advantage of the enormous potential of the rapidly growing electronics industry. Accordingly, research work began again and attention was paid to the problems of packaging, display and correction. The principles of existing machines were neglected and completely new ideas followed. The problems of collecting letters with photography were only partially and insufficiently solved before 1950, and finally a new attempt had to be made in the field of printing technology.

The primary consideration in research on linofilm was to meet the needs of printing press workers in preparing to collect letters for printed writing, and this goal was achieved by making full use of modern developments in the scientific fields of optoelectronic devices and mechanical engineering. The development in the method of controlling the tape to collect letters was an important factor in the research. Basic research into the problems of combining letters using photography quickly led to the following important data:

1 - The display speed of photography exceeds to a great extent the greatest possible speed that a person working on the keys of a letter-plugging machine can achieve. Therefore, to obtain the largest possible production of photographic combinations, the photographic unit process must be separated from the keyboard process.

2- Mechanical movements performed by parts manufactured with extreme precision may create problems at high speeds. Accordingly, the photographic unit must contain as few purely mechanical parts as possible. The flash of light, chosen to be directed at each letter in turn by means of a fixed film negative, must be directed to a reel of film which does not move until after the end of each line.

3 - The electrical and electronic parts that are completely reliable in daily use and require the least possible amount of maintenance must be replaced by unsuitable mechanical parts.

4 - Even using the photocopying method, the initial process of collecting the letters of the copy must be done on the keyboard on punching machines, and in addition to that, it must be... The work of the imaging unit, such as the process of selecting the type of letters and adjusting them by command of the keys, using control devices within the worker’s reach.

E - Perforated tape is considered the best way to record these operations. It must be possible to make designs on the tape itself, either immediately after the tape is punched or punched. Punchers must prepare a hard copy that can be used as proof reading, and it must be possible to insert correction lines into the tape before attaching anything to the film.

6- Photography allows you to enlarge or reduce the negative image. This is an essential advantage when compared to collecting letters from molten metal.

7 - The photographic collection system must be a complete and integrated system such that all its units are fully productive. The speed of the imaging unit must determine the number of drilling machine units and the amount of equipment needed for the process.

8 - The user of this system must be able to operate all devices in accordance with sound technical and economic principles.

These were the basic rules for the research program that led Linotype to produce an entirely new photographic type collection. In the end, it was possible to overcome all the difficulties that accompanied the collection through photography.

The equipment was suitable for all types of collection, full use was made of the speed and advantages of the photographic method, and manual operations and maintenance were reduced to a minimum.

A model was displayed in New York in 1954 and in Britain in 1955. It was the result of research that lasted many years. It was met with great acclaim, and other improvements were made to it in the following years.

At the Drupa exhibition in Germany (in 1958), the printers saw a set of this equipment, and the artistic public’s approval of it stimulated further research, and a factory was established to produce it in the city of Bellsboro, Pennsylvania, in the United States of America, and since the beginning of 1960, the production of this equipment has continued rapidly. .

This system only requires a punching machine unit and a photographic unit to collect letters in fonts ranging from 6 to 36. The letter sets are prepared in the form of negative glass panels mounted on stainless steel frames. Each of these glass panels is known as a “collection” (store) and contains 88 letters that can be collected in sizes of up to six.

The imaging unit contains a maximum of 18 of these groups, and thus a number of letters is available that reaches 1,584 (18 x 88) letters.

Using the enlargement process, the total number of available letters reaches 9,504. Corrections can be made in the punching machine by scanning or on the film by the normal procedure of cutting and adding. The photographic unit produces an image prepared for reading on film or paper, and a dark room is required to complete the process and prepare negative and positive copies of printed writing in letters. The keyboard unit uses an electric writing machine with 44 keys mounted on a desk-like unit, and equipped with three sets of auxiliary control devices. . The group to the right is used to select letters, the second group is used for spaces and ending lines, and the upper group is used to choose the font size of letters, film, and line length. Inside the key unit there is an electronic brain, a penetrating device unit, and any number of “letter sets” (stores) up to 18 according to the number of letter frames used, and the key buttons and control handles are easily within the worker’s reach.

The production of the key unit is a tape perforated with 15 holes containing the terms necessary for the operation of the automatic imaging unit. The device outputs text written on the typewriter at the same time as the tape. The device's working speed is equivalent to that of a regular electric writing machine. The typewriter keys operate with a light touch. The right group allows choosing 17 types consisting of 88 letters, which can be enlarged to give letters ranging between 6 and 36. The process of adjustment and determining spaces, squares, and spaces between letters is also controlled by dials and buttons. There is some similarity between the keyboard in lino film and the punching devices used in the tape of the linotype machine. These punching devices contain a counting device controlled by a counting tank that exceeds the different widths of individual letters. Each set of letters has its own display card, which can be easily repaired and changed at any time. Touching a button on the key unit not only selects the desired letter, but also transfers its display in units to the counting device, automatically by subtracting the amount from the length of the line. This is done by the key unit that contains an electronic brain of its own, and the remaining size in the line appears in measures and units with numbers. Actual on the panel mounted above the writing machine.

A number of safety devices are integrated into the key unit to resist operator errors. The typewriter keys will not respond until the character type, size, line length, and movie advance are selected. Therefore, the tape cannot be perforated without containing all the information necessary for the automatic process carried out by the imaging unit. There is also an automatic brake that works if the line is too long or if a letter is reduced to less than 4 units by excessively reducing the space between letters or when the tape reel runs out. In these cases, the only control device that responds is the special button (delete lines). The character type is chosen by pressing one of the eighteen buttons on the control panel to the right. This action also causes the button that is chosen to light up. It is necessary first to choose a basic type of letters that appear black on the proof printed on the typewriter, and when the worker changes the letters, the text printed on the typewriter appears in red.

The imaging unit is fed with a perforated tape and produces a positive, readable image on film or photographic paper. Its operation is automatic, and the only manual operations in it are inserting and removing the film and tape. Since it is not possible to supply the photographic unit with 50 feet of film, the only operation performed by hand under normal circumstances is the insertion of the perforated tape. When the start button is pressed, the unit works automatically. The perforated tape is placed in the unit, starting with its front end (the first line struck on the board is the first line depicted). The tape passes through two heads that read and examine, one of which reads the instructions for the end of the line and the second reads other instructions such as font size, film introduction, and character heading. This head also reads information about letters and spacing, and first reads the instructions for the end of the line and determines the line distance based on this reading.

Then it transmits other instructions to the machine. During the photographic display, the film and the group are in a fixed position, and only the photographic lens moves, and the film does not move until after the end of each line, and the group (store) does not move except when it is intended to be replaced by another.

The linofilm group consists of a steel frame surrounded by a glass panel bearing 88 negative images of the letters. There are three types of groups, B and H, for small, medium and large penny sizes. Grid (1) fits sizes 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and 12 pt. Grid (B) fits sizes 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, and 24 pt. Grid (C) fits sizes 18, 24, 30, and 36 pixels. The time taken for many and complex corrections can be greatly reduced by means of a tape mixer in linofilm. The tape mixer produces a single strip of paper, and its purpose is to produce a corrected tape from an original tape.
Another bar contains corrections and additions and also excludes lines containing errors that were crossed out while hitting the keys.

As for the latest device created in the field of pictorial collection, it is the Linotron device. This device has reached the highest speed known to man in the press industry, a speed of 3 million characters per hour. In 1966, three devices of this type were manufactured, which can collect 780 columns per hour, that is, about 100 Al-Ahram pages or advertisements. Therefore, the Linotron collection method is considered the most advanced, extremely fast method for collecting letters through photography in the world. It can write a thousand lines per second, and this device was able - for the first time - to bridge the gap that existed between the high speed of the electronic mind and the speed of slow mechanical devices. This device came as a result of research that lasted for years, in which it participated with the Linotype company CBS until they reached the possibility of collecting a large area at once and not line by line as happens in other devices.

In the end, a single photographic collection device replaced the traditional collection house, assembling its machines for casting lines with hot lead. The image of this hall has become completely different from the image we are accustomed to in newspaper houses. The era of lead and its unpleasant smell has ended, and the proofs of ink in all its forms have ended.