العقل الإلكترونى وتطور الصحافة العالمية المعاصرة ٥_a .. كتاب صحافة الغد

The process of connecting multiple words proves the ability of the electronic mind, as well as the complex planning involved in preparing the program. The word is divided using a table of possibilities in which the word must be divided. This table was prepared in the machine's memory after analyzing about three million words from the language. Mr. Bill Williams, head of the Electronic Minds Department at The Times newspaper in Oklahoma, said that as a result of analyzing three million language words, it appeared, for example, that 40 percent of the newspaper’s copy consisted of words consisting of four letters or less. It became clear that the newspaper’s local writers used Words are shorter on average than those used by reporters on the wire service. It also appeared that only 20 percent of the locally written copy has separated words, compared to 25 percent in the wire copy. In the Arabic language, this problem does not exist at all, but There is another problem that could be solved, which is the process of expanding the line using the kashida - the dash - as the word in Arabic cannot be divided into two parts, as we previously mentioned. But the word can be extended so that a dash - or several dashes - are placed between the two connected letters. For example, the word (machine) can be written without expansion, and it can be written (machine) after expansion. Thus, the line can be marked with a dash.

All these complex issues the worker was thinking about solving before the innovation of adjusting lines using the electronic mind. But are these all the problems with the addition operator? Are there other problems that cannot be solved?

It is clear that there are (human) problems that the device cannot intervene to solve. The most important of these problems is poor handwriting and many corrections to the originals. It is known that the collection section in the daily newspaper is the focus of production. The speed of this department directly affects the production in all other departments. It became clear from a study that examined more than 100 newspaper houses of different sizes and capacities that the level of the collecting worker or the writer on the perforator (punching devices) differs from one worker to another. Rather, it differs in the same single factor to an unimaginable degree. Studies conducted in many letters and professor halls have proven that all workers spend only a percentage ranging between 29.6 and 47.7% typing on machines, while the stipulated percentage should range between 60% and 80%, and those working on these machines are not considered Always responsible for this low level of production. Because their productive power is affected by many factors, including the effectiveness of management, the type of collecting machine or perforator, the level of machine maintenance, the organization of machinery and equipment, the possibility of obtaining the copy, the copy distribution system, the type, size and cleanliness of the copy. In many newspapers, little attention is paid to the type of copy. The study indicated that, in some cases, those working on the letter-collecting machine spend 23% of their working hours waiting for the written copy, and before starting to collect the letters, they spend another 14% of their time reading and decoding symbols. It follows that weaknesses in copywriting and workflow can cost a lot of time and money. Full performance cannot be achieved unless the collector or writer focuses on the perforator. The degree of emphasis depends mainly on the ease with which each line of the written copy is read.

One of the factors that hinders ease of reading is the lack of consistency in the presentation of words and sentences, and for this reason it is considered necessary to have a high level of competence and a “house-specific style” used by all journalists. Workers are facing time and working under pressure of speed. They need an error-free copy that has been well reviewed.

One of the heads of the collection department in a British newspaper says: The solutions to most errors in materials (fundamentals) are generally considered self-evident. Management cannot always quickly identify problems. There are five mistakes that are often repeated:

(1) The presence of different editing methods and methods in the publishing house that produces more than one newspaper, which leads to unjustified delay and confusion in responding to the inquiries of foremen, workers, and readers.

(2) An intermittent and irregular flow of written copies, resulting in an unjustified waiting period, which results in increased pressure and additional time after the end of working hours.

(3) Copies arrive at the Collection and Proofreader Departments from various sources, and each source considers the copies it sends urgent, and then leaves the department head with the task of sorting the urgent copies.

(4) There are a large number of copies that are difficult to read, and many corrections have been made.

(5) It is not possible to complete the work according to the deadlines for receiving copies, which leads to the inability to meet the scheduled production dates.

The following points were recorded in a typical case study conducted in a daily newspaper:

1 - Due to the delay in the arrival of materials, the work pressure in the collection and proofreader halls was so great that there was not enough time to read and correct a percentage ranging between 70% and 80% of the written copies that were collected.

2 - The delay necessitated dividing the copy during times of production pressure into small, short parts to meet the specified production times.

3 - Sometimes there is a dispute over the priorities of the materials required to be collected between the late arrival of a special copy of the announcement and the late arrival of a special copy of the news.

4 - Not noticing that the specified time (36 hours) for an advertising copy has run out while many changes are made at the last minute. Among a number of things that were observed during the study period was the arrival of an announcement at three o’clock in the afternoon on Tuesday to be published on Wednesday. This advertisement was compiled and its rehearsals were sent. The corrected rehearsals were received at half past five on Tuesday. The advertisement was reassembled, the rehearsals were reviewed and sent, and the final amendments to this advertisement were received on Wednesday evening, minutes before the deadline.

E - After studying the type and quantity of copies received, it was found that the head of work in the letters and editor rooms takes a large amount of time to detect and correct the copies that are present in the editorial copies and announcements. It was also found that the copies are varied and not always easy to read. In many cases, workers spend a long time verifying data.

6 - Among the many examples that were noted, and highlight the need to improve the preparation of the written copy, were the copies of classified advertisements. After an experiment conducted on 35 classified advertisements sent to the collection department in a period of less than a week, it became clear that all of these advertisements contained errors that disrupted production, and it appeared that those working on the collection machines were the ones who discovered these errors.

7 - The many amendments made by the editing department to rehearsals. This procedure is easy, and it is known that each line in the edit takes 15 times the time it takes in the original compilation.

These are undoubtedly simple errors, but they led to a delay in production to the point that it was necessary to tighten control over the specialized editorial and advertising staff, while directing a great deal of attention to preparing copies to reduce the time wasted in the process of correction and modification. In a study conducted by the Newspaper Association in London, it was found that the collection worker produces only between 29% and 47% of his daily work, while the main goal is to produce 80%. This lack of production means that the worker spends 25% of the time waiting for materials and 14% in Reading bad handwriting. In the end, most journalistic institutions complain about the cause of the lack of production.

Whatever the system or method used, many newspaper houses do not realize the full importance of the potential improvements that result from studying workflow procedures at this stage in newspaper production.

This study led to the need to repeat it at regular intervals and to direct special attention to training. It is essential that those responsible for reviewing and directing material, including reporters, receive regular training and mentoring. The editorial and advertising departments must be reminded of the importance of providing copies that can be read easily and in the correct size.

In order for the copy to be easy to prepare, compile, and read, it is necessary to have a “special style for the newspaper house,” and to constantly create it and follow it precisely.

It often happens in Arabic newspapers that a word is written differently each time on the same topic. Like the word Washington or Washington, and like the word Yugoslavia or Yugoslavia. The reader feels these mistakes that he sees repeated in front of him on the same page.

Whenever possible, the copy must be transported using a mechanical, electrical, or pneumatic compressor device that connects the editorial and advertising departments and the assembly hall and reading rehearsals. The use of such a system would greatly reduce the copy’s journey time and organize its progress, and the use of a priority setting system must be carefully scrutinized. Version, page and visas. This system must be established by agreement between the editorial, advertising and collection departments on the basis of realistic specific times for receiving copies. The copy, whatever its source, must arrive at the collection hall through the head of the collection hall (or the person designated to receive the copies) after it has been carefully sorted and marked with its type, priority, and the page on which it is placed.

From here we see that the electronic device alone cannot carry out the “speed operation” unless it is fully assisted by editors, article and news writers, reviewers, secretaries, and editors. Without this assistance in preparing the copy well, time is wasted - in the assembly hall or in the perforator hall - and this device becomes completely uneconomical.

The experts' interest in not wasting time made them invent an alarm device - used by the South Bend Tribune newspaper in America - to assist in the completely automatic process in which the electronic mind is used. This process does not require any operator on the console. It includes an announcement device that is placed outside the assembly hall and can be viewed by T.T.S device supervisors. The device is operated by turning it on the electronic mind's typewriter, and when the mind stops for any reason, the typewriter prints the reason for the stop. Since the typewriter cylinder is moving, its movement activates the announcing device, and the supervisors of the assembly hall are alerted that the mind is in need of care. At the same time, the announcing device plays a bell for three seconds, alerting the supervisors that the electronic mind has stopped. When this happens, one of the supervisors goes to the mind hall and operates his computer based on the information he obtained from the typewriter, then returns to the collection hall. When he leaves the hall of reason, he re-sets the announced device to work by pressing a button on the wall, which restores all the components of the device to their normal positions. New tape rolls mounted on the punching devices on the back of each collecting machine are also connected to the announced device. When a roll of tape is in short supply, a very small switch is activated, which is in turn connected to the announcing device (the alarm) and the alarm device that alerts the supervisor to the need to place a new roll of tape.

He invented this device so that a few minutes would not be wasted and work in the assembly hall would not be interrupted. The few minutes in the press industry may be the reason for increasing the newspaper's circulation.