آثار العمارة المملوكية ٦_a .. كتاب العمارة العربية الاسلامية

50 - Bathroom in Bazza Square: It has a door arched with muqarnas. Construction date unknown. We believe that it dates back to the ninth century AH.

51 - Bazza Square Sabil: It is located next to the above-mentioned bathhouse, consisting of an iwan with a pointed arch above two beautiful windows.

52 - Sabil Bard Bey: It is located next to the Mosque of Sharaf, in the neighborhood of Al-Jadidah. It is an elaborate building decorated with inscriptions and nickels. It bears an inscription dating its construction in the year 897/1491 by Burd Bey, a merchant of the Sultanic kingdoms during the days of Naib Azdamar, and on it is the blazon of Sultan Qaitbay.

53 - Sabil Ashqtamar: In the façade of the Sakakini Mosque in the Al-Asilah district, it is well built, decorated with beautiful geometric inscriptions and rings engraved in stone. It has an inscription dating its construction, and it, along with the mosque, was built by the deputy of the Sultanate, Ashqtamar, in the year 773 / 1371.

54 - The Sabil of Qastal al-Harami: He built it with the Qastal al-Harami Mosque (Bardbek) mentioned above.

55 - Sabil Ali Bey: in the locality of Muhammad Bey (Al-Qasila). It is in the form of an iwan, on its façade is the blazon of Sultan Qansuh al-Ghuri, and an inscription dates its construction in Shawwal of the year 915/1510.

56 - Bab al-Maqam Sabil: It is adjacent to Bab al-Sur from the north side. It was built in the year 831/1428 during the reign of Sultan al-Ashraf Barsbay, and the governor of Aleppo palaced it, as the inscription inscribed on its direction indicates.

57 - Qastal Al-Ramadaniya: It was built by Prince Bard Bey mentioned above in the Ramadaniya district in the late ninth century AH. Recently transferred to the Aleppo Museum.

58 - Sabil and Zawiyah of Sheikh Haidar: in the locality of Muhammad Bey (Al-Qasila). It was built by Princes Taz and Qatlja, governors of Aleppo. The first’s mandate was in the year 759 / 1357 and the second’s mandate was in the year 762 / 1360.

Hama city buildings:

1 - The Great Mosque: An old mosque, in which construction work was carried out during the Mamluk era, the most important of which are:

A) The northern minaret: It was built in 1420/823 and is considered one of the most beautiful Mamluk minarets (Photo No. 56).

B) The pulpit, which is made of wood decorated with carvings and decorations and inlaid with ivory. Made in the year 701/1301.

C) The pillars of the sanctuary, on which ranuks are engraved, indicating the renovation of the sanctuary in the Mamluk era. We believe that the renovation of the sanctuary occurred on the date in which the pulpit was made.

D) A grave containing two shrines made in the year 683 / 1284, made of wood decorated with carvings and fillings. One of them is on the grave of the Ayyubid King (1) Al-Mansur Muhammad, who died in the year 683 / 1284, and the second is on the grave of his son, King Al-Muzaffar Mahmud, who died in the year 698 / 1298.

2 - Abu Al-Fida Mosque: It was established by the owner of Hama, the Ayyubid king Abu Al-Fida Ismail, the famous historian who died in the year 732/1331. The sanctuary is decorated with a beautiful marble cladding and windows with stone pillars intricately woven like chains. The mosque has a turf in which Abu Al-Fida was buried, and on it is an important shrine.

3 - The Eastern Mosque: It was named so because it is located on the eastern side of modern Hama. It was built by the deputy of Hama, Prince Qaraja, in the year 882 / 1477. The most important thing about it is its minaret and its door, which has the date engraved on its lintel in a beautiful Naskh script, and the door’s iwan arch is shaped like a bookcase, of the type described above in the Characteristics of Mamluk Architecture.

4 - The minaret of the Al-Obaisi Mosque: In the locality of Al-Hader, the most important thing is its octagonal minaret, which dates back, as it appears from the style of its architecture, to the ninth century. Hijri.

E - Waterwheels: Hama is considered the first city in the world with a large number of waterwheels distributed on the banks of the Orontes River. To this day, a large number of them are still in operation, except that they no longer deliver water to the neighborhoods to serve homes, bathrooms, and mosques and have become limited to irrigating orchards. The waterwheel is usually composed of a large wheel. Made of wood, it is mounted on a stone-built tower that scoops up river water and raises it into a suspended canal.

We find traces of the Mamluk era in two waterwheels, the first called the Mission, established in the year 857 / 1453, and the second called the Muhammadiyah, established in the year 6 763 / 1361, based on texts inscribed on them.

Other buildings distributed throughout the country:

1 - Khan Danoun: It is located on the road between Damascus and Daraa and is 22 km away from Damascus to the south. It is attributed to the Egyptian Dhul-Nun of Damascus Al-As’ari, who built it in the year 778 / 1376, as indicated by the inscription on its door and it has a complete plan. Its architecture is considered one of the most important Mamluk khans. It has fortified walls equipped with round towers.

2 - Khan Al-Mu’iz: It is located on the road between Damascus and Homs, close to the town of Al-Qatifah. An inscription dating its construction is engraved on its door, but it is illegible, but the calligraphy is in Mamluk style. We think that his old name is Khan al-Wali, which al-Qalqashandi mentioned in Subh al-A’shi.

3 - Khan Tuman: It is located south of Aleppo, about 15 km away on the railway. Its construction date is unknown.

4 - Khan Al-Sabil: Inside the village named after him and located on the road between Hama and Aleppo, north of the town of Maarat Al-Numan. It was built in the year 733 / 1372, as indicated by the writing engraved on the door. Its gate is fortified, well-built, and surmounted by an arch of the type that we described as articulated in the form of book heels, common in the Mamluk era (Photo No. 67). Above the door there are traces of a defensive rush.

5 - Khan Al-Asal: It is located in the village named after him, fifteen kilometers before entering Aleppo from the west. It was renewed during the reign of the chamberlain of the Kingdom of Aleppo in the year 744 / 1343, as stated in the text engraved on its door. The khan is dilapidated, with only its gate visible.

6 - Dome of the Birds: A famous small village on the road between Homs and Damascus, 27 km away from the latter. It is a memorial building, built in the year 741/1340 on the occasion of the victory of Sultan Al-Nasir Muhammad over Emir Tanjaz, the ruler of Damascus, as Dahman says (1).

7 - The Great Mosque in Jericho: Jericho is located west of Aleppo, on the road to Latakia. It is about seventy kilometers away from Aleppo. Mamluk architecture appears in its door and its square minaret decorated with stone carvings.

8 - Khan Ayyash: It is located near the town of Adra, at the Baghdad Road junction. It was built during the days of Sultan Al-Ashraf Khalil bin Sultan Qalawun and the representative of the Sultanate in the Levant, Hussam Al-Din Lajin, around the year 690 / 1291.

9 - The Great Mosque of Al-Bab: The town of Al-Bab is located northwest of Aleppo, about 37 km away from it. The mosque is roofed with small domes, and has a square-shaped minaret and a stone pulpit. It was built in the year 704 / 1304.

10 - Bza’a Mosque: Bza’a is located near the town of Al-Bab, the mosque


Built in AH 756 / AD 1355, it is triangular in the form of a square tower, interspersed with bands of prominent stone decoration.

11 - Tadif Mosque: a village also near the town of Al-Bab. Its Great Mosque dates back to the fourteenth century AD. Sections of it have been renewed, and the most important thing is its square-shaped minaret, dating from the year 755/1354.

12 - Shaizar Castle: The castle is old. It was taken care of during the Mamluk era and then renewed. The front façade tower was built during the reign of Sultan Qalawun, and a text was engraved on it dating back to that. The arches of the bridge over the Orontes River at the entrance to the castle were also renewed.

13 - Al-Marqab Castle: Built by the Crusaders, and liberated by Sultan Qalawun in the year 684/1285. On the southwest corner tower there is a commemorative inscription dating the opening of the fort and the renovation of the tower.

14 - Jaabar Castle: An old castle. Some of its towers were repaired and renewed by Prince Tanjaz, the deputy of the Sultanate in the Levant, in the year 741/1340, based on the order of Sultan Al-Nasir Muhammad bin Qalawun. Its round minaret, built with bricks, bears an inscription from this date on its top.

15 - Arwad Fort: It is located on the eastern shore of Arwad Island. We believe that it dates from the days of the Crusader occupation. It was restored after the liberation of an old fortress, the citadel, in the year 702/02 1302, and traces of restoration appear in its western gate.

16 - Arwad Bath: Located on the western shore, demolished and abandoned

17 - Bureij Fort: A small tower from the era of al-Zahir Baybars, on the lands of the village of Bureij, located on the road between Damascus and Homs.

18 - Busra Hammam: It is known as Mingak Hammam. It is dilapidated, but important parts of it are still visible.

19 - Jableh Hammam: It is known as the Hammam of Sultan Ibrahim. We do not know the date of its construction, but the door and the decorations engraved on it make us attribute it to the current era. But its remaining sections are important, especially its dome, built of sandstone and decorated with Mamluk brick panels. It is generally well built.

20 - Al-Hamwi Zawiya in Jableh: A small corner with writing on its door
The construction of the zawiya is dated to the year 799/1396.

21 - Al-Hosn Castle: or the Kurds’ Fortress, as it was called in previous eras. It was built by the Crusaders in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, and after al-Zahir Baibars liberated it in 1271 AD, he renewed towers on the southern side. His works are dated in an inscription engraved on the door of the castle and another on the renewed towers. It was also engraved with lions, an emblem of King Al-Zahir. Then Sultan Qalawun built a huge square tower bearing his name in the middle of this front in the year 684 / 1285. Outside the citadel is a village called Hay al-Saraya, in which there is a dilapidated architectural complex from the Mamluk era, consisting of a mosque with a square minaret, built during the reign of Sultan Qalawun in the year 734 / 1333. This is proven by the inscription engraved on the minaret. Next to it is a corner and a bimaristan built by the representative of the Sultanate in the Kurdish Fort, whose name is Baktamur bin Abdullah in the year 717/1317. Two soils, one of which belongs to the representative of the Sultanate, Sarim al-Din Qaymaz, who died in the year 673/1274.