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الملحق ..
كتاب التصوير الفوتوغرافي المغلق
Making copies
Close - up techniques form the basis for copying transparencies , documents , paintings , line drawings and maps .
Duplicating slides
With care , the quality of a duplicate transparency can very closely match - in some cases even surpass an original An out - of - focus original , however , can not be corrected by duplication .
You may wish to make straight dupli cate slides for family or friends or make a black and white negative from a color transparency . Starting with a 35mm original , you will need to get at least a life size ( x1 ) magnification to obtain a full frame 24x36mm duplicate , or even greater if you wish to crop in on part of the original . You will also need a holder to position the original transparency parallel to the film plane .
If you have no bellows , a cheap way of copying slides is to use a slide duplicator attached " end - on " to a camera lens which is mounted on extension tubes . Other models have built - in optics ; some even have a zoom facility for obtaining variable enlargements from x1 to x3 life - size . Better quality duplicates , how ever , will be made by attaching a slide copying adapter to a bellows extension . This adapter has an opal acrylic screen which diffuses the light source illumina ting the transparency . The Nikon PB4 bellows unit ( see p . 148 ) can be shifted from side to side and allows selective enlargements of the transparency to be copied on either side of the central axis.
Whatever kind of copier you use , the camera body should be supported on a tripod . To reproduce the colors of an original slide as accurately as possible . the light source must be carefully chosen . If photofloods are used , then you will need to use tungsten light film . By far the best light source is electronic flash , be cause the color temperature remains constant and you can make duplicates on daylight color film . All the duplicators designed for bulk production , such as the Multiblitz slide duplicator and the Bowens Illumitron , have a built - in electronic flash for exposing the film and a continuous focusing light . To reduce the contrast on a duplicate , you can fog the film slightly before , or during , the exposure .
Colored filters can be used to correct the color balance of the original slide - I have reduced the blue - green cast of underwater pictures taken without flash by duping them with a CC10 red filter .
Flat copy
Documentary copy , such as maps and line drawings , must be set up so that they are as flat as possible and the film plane is parallel to the copy surface . This can be checked by placing a spirit level on the baseboard and on the camera . If the subject has a range of half tones , such as a photographic print , it can be copied on panchromatic film , although a continuous tone copy film is preferable . Line copy . such as the artwork in this book , must be copied onto special lithographic films . which reproduce the image as pure black and white without any intermediate gray tones . Techniques for copying an original mounted beneath glass are described on page 156 .
1. Film holder ( variable sizes )
2. On / off switch
3. Halogen focusing light switch
4. Flash ready light
Multiblitz slide duplicator
The Multiblitz slide duplicator copies slides and makes black and white or color negatives from an original transparency ranging in size from 2x2 inches to 35mm . The camera with bellows is shown here attached to a Novoflex Macro stand , which is an optional extra . A halogen light is switched on for focusing the slide . while a built - in flash makes the exposure . Selective enlargements can be made from portions of 21 × 2 inch transparencies : underexposed slides can be corrected and color filters can be used to make creative abstracts by making double exposures or by sandwiching two transparencies together .
Vivitar instant slide printer
An instant color or black and white print , or a black and white negative , can be made from a 35mm mounted slide using this battery - powered printer . Because Polaroid film is not proportional to a 35mm format , part of the slide has to be masked out using the frame selector on the viewing panel . After the slide is pushed into the slide slot , the instant print film is exposed by depressing the print button . Development begins as soon as it is pulled out of the film holder . A timing button on the printer is then set and it gives an audible signal when the film has been processed . An instant print is then peeled off from the negative .
1. Film holder
2. Slide shot
3. Filter holder
4. Viewing panel
5. Exposure control
6. Print button
7. Framing selector
Copy stand
This rigid 24 inch support has a secure mechanism for locking the camera in an overhead position . Exact markings for centering the copy are printed on the heavy - duty baseboard . The anglepoise . lamps can be adjusted to give 45 ' lighting .
Copipod
This lightweight portable stand has four telescopic legs and attaches to 49mm . or 52mm threads of the camera or close - up lens .
Portable copy stand
The design of this Gitzo stand is based on tripod components . Three adjustable legs support the camera while a pair of lights are connected to a horizontal bar on jointed arms . The advantage of this stand is that it can be quickly assembled and used anywhere , providing there is an electricity source .
الملحق ..
كتاب التصوير الفوتوغرافي المغلق
Making copies
Close - up techniques form the basis for copying transparencies , documents , paintings , line drawings and maps .
Duplicating slides
With care , the quality of a duplicate transparency can very closely match - in some cases even surpass an original An out - of - focus original , however , can not be corrected by duplication .
You may wish to make straight dupli cate slides for family or friends or make a black and white negative from a color transparency . Starting with a 35mm original , you will need to get at least a life size ( x1 ) magnification to obtain a full frame 24x36mm duplicate , or even greater if you wish to crop in on part of the original . You will also need a holder to position the original transparency parallel to the film plane .
If you have no bellows , a cheap way of copying slides is to use a slide duplicator attached " end - on " to a camera lens which is mounted on extension tubes . Other models have built - in optics ; some even have a zoom facility for obtaining variable enlargements from x1 to x3 life - size . Better quality duplicates , how ever , will be made by attaching a slide copying adapter to a bellows extension . This adapter has an opal acrylic screen which diffuses the light source illumina ting the transparency . The Nikon PB4 bellows unit ( see p . 148 ) can be shifted from side to side and allows selective enlargements of the transparency to be copied on either side of the central axis.
Whatever kind of copier you use , the camera body should be supported on a tripod . To reproduce the colors of an original slide as accurately as possible . the light source must be carefully chosen . If photofloods are used , then you will need to use tungsten light film . By far the best light source is electronic flash , be cause the color temperature remains constant and you can make duplicates on daylight color film . All the duplicators designed for bulk production , such as the Multiblitz slide duplicator and the Bowens Illumitron , have a built - in electronic flash for exposing the film and a continuous focusing light . To reduce the contrast on a duplicate , you can fog the film slightly before , or during , the exposure .
Colored filters can be used to correct the color balance of the original slide - I have reduced the blue - green cast of underwater pictures taken without flash by duping them with a CC10 red filter .
Flat copy
Documentary copy , such as maps and line drawings , must be set up so that they are as flat as possible and the film plane is parallel to the copy surface . This can be checked by placing a spirit level on the baseboard and on the camera . If the subject has a range of half tones , such as a photographic print , it can be copied on panchromatic film , although a continuous tone copy film is preferable . Line copy . such as the artwork in this book , must be copied onto special lithographic films . which reproduce the image as pure black and white without any intermediate gray tones . Techniques for copying an original mounted beneath glass are described on page 156 .
1. Film holder ( variable sizes )
2. On / off switch
3. Halogen focusing light switch
4. Flash ready light
Multiblitz slide duplicator
The Multiblitz slide duplicator copies slides and makes black and white or color negatives from an original transparency ranging in size from 2x2 inches to 35mm . The camera with bellows is shown here attached to a Novoflex Macro stand , which is an optional extra . A halogen light is switched on for focusing the slide . while a built - in flash makes the exposure . Selective enlargements can be made from portions of 21 × 2 inch transparencies : underexposed slides can be corrected and color filters can be used to make creative abstracts by making double exposures or by sandwiching two transparencies together .
Vivitar instant slide printer
An instant color or black and white print , or a black and white negative , can be made from a 35mm mounted slide using this battery - powered printer . Because Polaroid film is not proportional to a 35mm format , part of the slide has to be masked out using the frame selector on the viewing panel . After the slide is pushed into the slide slot , the instant print film is exposed by depressing the print button . Development begins as soon as it is pulled out of the film holder . A timing button on the printer is then set and it gives an audible signal when the film has been processed . An instant print is then peeled off from the negative .
1. Film holder
2. Slide shot
3. Filter holder
4. Viewing panel
5. Exposure control
6. Print button
7. Framing selector
Copy stand
This rigid 24 inch support has a secure mechanism for locking the camera in an overhead position . Exact markings for centering the copy are printed on the heavy - duty baseboard . The anglepoise . lamps can be adjusted to give 45 ' lighting .
Copipod
This lightweight portable stand has four telescopic legs and attaches to 49mm . or 52mm threads of the camera or close - up lens .
Portable copy stand
The design of this Gitzo stand is based on tripod components . Three adjustable legs support the camera while a pair of lights are connected to a horizontal bar on jointed arms . The advantage of this stand is that it can be quickly assembled and used anywhere , providing there is an electricity source .
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