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التلاعب في الغرفة المظلمة ..
مؤثرات خاصة ..
كتاب التصوير الفوتوغرافي المغلق
Darkroom manipulation
Straightforward images can be modified in the darkroom in a variety of ways . The addition of screens ( p . 130 ) or the printing of multiple images ( p . 134 ) do not involve any physical change to the image . Reticulation , however results in permanent damage to the negative gelatin by causing it to wrinkle . Many modern films are designed so that reticulation will not occur , but it is possible to break up the emulsion into a craze by developing a film in cold developer and then plunging it into warm fixer solution .
Solarization is a technique where the image either on the film or on the print , is fogged by exposure to white light so that the image is partially reversed . The light fogging is most pronounced on the parts of the emulsion which were originally exposed for the least time . If you discard a print before fixing it , solarization will take place . The main problem with this technique is that the extent of the reaction cannot be predicted with certainty , since it is difficult to control.
Bas - relief is the name given to a technique which resembles a low - relief sculpturing . Take a black and white negative and contact print it onto black and white film ( this can be con tinuous tone or lith ) and underdevelop so that the image is very flat . After drying , lay the two films on top of each other on a light box . By moving them slightly out of register , one side of the image becomes outlined by a dark shadow while the other side appears as a white high light . Adjust the relative positions the two films until you get the effect you want , then tape the films along their edges with clear scotch tape . You can then make as many identical enlargements as you want . Slightly different prints can be made by separating and repositioning the films . The type of film chosen to make the contact print will also affect the final result .
Combining a negative and a positive
I made this composite print of honeycomb by contact printing a black and white negative onto negative film . I then placed the two films in the enlarger out of register so that they combined to produce a 3 - D effect . Lens Hasselblad 80mm + 65mm ( 55 + 10 ) extension Mag . on film x0.8 Mag . on page × 5
Solarizing the print
These pictures of a green . pepper slice compare a negative print or photogram ( far left ) with a solarized one ( left ) . I made the photogram by placing the slice on print paper beneath an enlarger and developing it normally . I repeated the process with another piece of paper . Half way through the print development , I briefly switched on a white light and then continued the development . This print solarization converts the white area to a gray color . Mag . on print x 1 Mag . on page × 0.75
Adding a mezzotint
This print of the head and eye of a tuatara - a primitive New Zealand reptile - was made from an original transparency . Firstly , a black and white internegative was made . A mezzotint screen was then placed in contact with the negative and the two were printed together . The screen has helped to emphasize the scaly reptilian pattern . Lens 55mm micro - Nikkor Mag . on film * 0.5 Mag . on page × 3.5
مؤثرات خاصة ..
كتاب التصوير الفوتوغرافي المغلق
Darkroom manipulation
Straightforward images can be modified in the darkroom in a variety of ways . The addition of screens ( p . 130 ) or the printing of multiple images ( p . 134 ) do not involve any physical change to the image . Reticulation , however results in permanent damage to the negative gelatin by causing it to wrinkle . Many modern films are designed so that reticulation will not occur , but it is possible to break up the emulsion into a craze by developing a film in cold developer and then plunging it into warm fixer solution .
Solarization is a technique where the image either on the film or on the print , is fogged by exposure to white light so that the image is partially reversed . The light fogging is most pronounced on the parts of the emulsion which were originally exposed for the least time . If you discard a print before fixing it , solarization will take place . The main problem with this technique is that the extent of the reaction cannot be predicted with certainty , since it is difficult to control.
Bas - relief is the name given to a technique which resembles a low - relief sculpturing . Take a black and white negative and contact print it onto black and white film ( this can be con tinuous tone or lith ) and underdevelop so that the image is very flat . After drying , lay the two films on top of each other on a light box . By moving them slightly out of register , one side of the image becomes outlined by a dark shadow while the other side appears as a white high light . Adjust the relative positions the two films until you get the effect you want , then tape the films along their edges with clear scotch tape . You can then make as many identical enlargements as you want . Slightly different prints can be made by separating and repositioning the films . The type of film chosen to make the contact print will also affect the final result .
Combining a negative and a positive
I made this composite print of honeycomb by contact printing a black and white negative onto negative film . I then placed the two films in the enlarger out of register so that they combined to produce a 3 - D effect . Lens Hasselblad 80mm + 65mm ( 55 + 10 ) extension Mag . on film x0.8 Mag . on page × 5
Solarizing the print
These pictures of a green . pepper slice compare a negative print or photogram ( far left ) with a solarized one ( left ) . I made the photogram by placing the slice on print paper beneath an enlarger and developing it normally . I repeated the process with another piece of paper . Half way through the print development , I briefly switched on a white light and then continued the development . This print solarization converts the white area to a gray color . Mag . on print x 1 Mag . on page × 0.75
Adding a mezzotint
This print of the head and eye of a tuatara - a primitive New Zealand reptile - was made from an original transparency . Firstly , a black and white internegative was made . A mezzotint screen was then placed in contact with the negative and the two were printed together . The screen has helped to emphasize the scaly reptilian pattern . Lens 55mm micro - Nikkor Mag . on film * 0.5 Mag . on page × 3.5
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