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الملحق ..
كتاب التصوير الفوتوغرافي
Flash
You cannot see and evaluate flash - lit results in advance . But with experience you will be able to foresee effects reason ably well , though never as precisely as with tungsten light . Flash illumination can be useful for portraiture . Small flash units are light , portable , and battery operated , and flash is more powerful in its intensity than average tungsten illumina tion , allowing you to use smaller stops for greater depth of field , and slower , finer grain films . Furthermore , it has a very brief duration which freezes action , enabling the sitter to move and act naturally . Flash has a similar color temp erature to midday sun consequently , all daylight color films are balanced for it .
There are two types of flash lighting : battery or battery and house - current operated flashguns ; and the more power ful , heavier studio units solely for oper ation from the house current . Apart from very heavy strobe units , all flash outfits are portable , and you can use studio types on location providing you have access to electricity . Most professionals use at least one power - pack - operated flash unit , with an umbrella as a reflector .
Flash exposure
Most battery - operated portable flashguns have a " magic eye " - a computerized light - sensitive cell which adjusts the duration of the flash required for a full exposure . You dial the ASA number of your film , judge the approximate subject / camera distance , and select the aperture indicated on the dial of the flashgun . Flashguns without a " magic eye " usually have a guide number as an indication of their power - you calculate the required stop by dividing the guide number by the distance from the subject . For example , when the subject is 10 feet ( 3 meters ) from the camera , and the guide number is 40 , you should set an aperture of f4 . The shutter speed you set with flash remains constant - set focal plane shutters at 1/30 sec or slower , and leaf ( lens ) shutters at 1/125 sec . Because the camera is con nected to the flash unit by a synchron izing lead or a " hot shoe " on the camera , you will trigger the flash automatically when you release the shutter .
Portable flashguns The gun , above , is a small simple type . The unit , right . is larger and more powerful , with an adjustable head for bounced flash . You can also use it with accessories , see facing page . Both types have computerized light cells and are battery operated , although you can also power the larger unit from the house current . Batteries usually provide 50-100 flashes . Some flashguns have a separate battery charger , others are rechargeable on house current .
Bounced flash ▷ To avoid the flat lighting you usually get with a portable flashgun you must light your subject indirectly . Fire your gun against a light colored ceiling or wall to reflect diffused light onto the subject .
Plug - in flash This large flash unit has a separate power pack that runs on house current . However , it is still light enough to use on location If you fit it with a reflector umbrella it is very effective for straightforward portraiture .
Fill - in , off - camera and bounced flash Small , single - head electronic flashguns can help solve some lighting problems . Use a small flashgun as a fill - in when shooting into the light if the sitter is backlit and in shadow , flash will lighten details . The flash exposure should be no more than one quarter of the exposure for a frontally - lit subject in natural light . For example , if the normal exposure for a sun - lit face is 1/60 sec at f22 , the fill - in flash exposure should be f11 .
Direct on - camera flash is not recom mended for portraiture . The light is too flat , and it leaves hard black shadows be hind the sitter . It is far better to use a gun with a synch lead off - camera . This will give you a more flattering side - lighting .
A small flash can also be useful when shooting simple editorial portraits , or action shots of children . In such situa tions , it is best to use on - camera flash bounced off a light - colored ceiling or wall . To calculate exposure take into account the distance from the camera to this surface , and from there to the sitter .
Some flashguns have a special acces sory consisting of a white cardboard re flector attached to the flash by a bracket . You fire the flash against the reflector to soften and diffuse the lighting .
Advanced flash units
A larger flash unit , with an umbrella to diffuse and soften the light is much more suitable for studio portrait work . You place it in a standard position ( see p . 48 ) , and use a reflector screen opposite as a fill - in . Or have a flash unit with two heads so that you can use the second head as a secondary source of illumina tion . You can activate two separate , unconnected units at the same time with - a " slave " unit . The first flash unit is con nected to the camera , and the second unit plugs into a hot shoe attachment on the slave . The slave unit has a photo sensitive cell which fires the second flash in unison with the first .
Most larger studio flash units have a modeling light which gives you a rough indication of how the light will fall on the face and figure of the sitter . But the inten sity of the flash at least ten times stronger than the modeling light will invariably create a different effect . Many professionals test their lighting with a shot on instant film ( see p . 104 ) .
Flash meters
With any studio flash unit , it is essential to use a flash meter for exposure calcula tion , since an ordinary exposure meter is not capable of recording a reading during the brief duration of a flash discharge . You must use a special flash meter - dial in the speed of the film you are using on the scale , plug the meter's lead into your flashgun , and point the flash meter with its light - sensitive cell at the camera from the position of the sitter . Set off the flash gun . The flash discharge will activate an arrow on the meter , indicating the appropriate stop .
Flash accessories V
1 Filters and filter holder - color light for special effects .
2 Reflector holder - holds the flash reflector which gives a softer , more diffused result .
3 Flash bracket - takes flashgun for off - cameral flash effects .
4 Cable release .
5 Synchronization lead - triggers your flashgun off camera for side rather than frontal lighting .
6 Sensor extension cord - directs the " magic eye " at the subject when bouncing flash against a side or back wall .
7 Power pack provides power for larger flashguns .
الملحق ..
كتاب التصوير الفوتوغرافي
Flash
You cannot see and evaluate flash - lit results in advance . But with experience you will be able to foresee effects reason ably well , though never as precisely as with tungsten light . Flash illumination can be useful for portraiture . Small flash units are light , portable , and battery operated , and flash is more powerful in its intensity than average tungsten illumina tion , allowing you to use smaller stops for greater depth of field , and slower , finer grain films . Furthermore , it has a very brief duration which freezes action , enabling the sitter to move and act naturally . Flash has a similar color temp erature to midday sun consequently , all daylight color films are balanced for it .
There are two types of flash lighting : battery or battery and house - current operated flashguns ; and the more power ful , heavier studio units solely for oper ation from the house current . Apart from very heavy strobe units , all flash outfits are portable , and you can use studio types on location providing you have access to electricity . Most professionals use at least one power - pack - operated flash unit , with an umbrella as a reflector .
Flash exposure
Most battery - operated portable flashguns have a " magic eye " - a computerized light - sensitive cell which adjusts the duration of the flash required for a full exposure . You dial the ASA number of your film , judge the approximate subject / camera distance , and select the aperture indicated on the dial of the flashgun . Flashguns without a " magic eye " usually have a guide number as an indication of their power - you calculate the required stop by dividing the guide number by the distance from the subject . For example , when the subject is 10 feet ( 3 meters ) from the camera , and the guide number is 40 , you should set an aperture of f4 . The shutter speed you set with flash remains constant - set focal plane shutters at 1/30 sec or slower , and leaf ( lens ) shutters at 1/125 sec . Because the camera is con nected to the flash unit by a synchron izing lead or a " hot shoe " on the camera , you will trigger the flash automatically when you release the shutter .
Portable flashguns The gun , above , is a small simple type . The unit , right . is larger and more powerful , with an adjustable head for bounced flash . You can also use it with accessories , see facing page . Both types have computerized light cells and are battery operated , although you can also power the larger unit from the house current . Batteries usually provide 50-100 flashes . Some flashguns have a separate battery charger , others are rechargeable on house current .
Bounced flash ▷ To avoid the flat lighting you usually get with a portable flashgun you must light your subject indirectly . Fire your gun against a light colored ceiling or wall to reflect diffused light onto the subject .
Plug - in flash This large flash unit has a separate power pack that runs on house current . However , it is still light enough to use on location If you fit it with a reflector umbrella it is very effective for straightforward portraiture .
Fill - in , off - camera and bounced flash Small , single - head electronic flashguns can help solve some lighting problems . Use a small flashgun as a fill - in when shooting into the light if the sitter is backlit and in shadow , flash will lighten details . The flash exposure should be no more than one quarter of the exposure for a frontally - lit subject in natural light . For example , if the normal exposure for a sun - lit face is 1/60 sec at f22 , the fill - in flash exposure should be f11 .
Direct on - camera flash is not recom mended for portraiture . The light is too flat , and it leaves hard black shadows be hind the sitter . It is far better to use a gun with a synch lead off - camera . This will give you a more flattering side - lighting .
A small flash can also be useful when shooting simple editorial portraits , or action shots of children . In such situa tions , it is best to use on - camera flash bounced off a light - colored ceiling or wall . To calculate exposure take into account the distance from the camera to this surface , and from there to the sitter .
Some flashguns have a special acces sory consisting of a white cardboard re flector attached to the flash by a bracket . You fire the flash against the reflector to soften and diffuse the lighting .
Advanced flash units
A larger flash unit , with an umbrella to diffuse and soften the light is much more suitable for studio portrait work . You place it in a standard position ( see p . 48 ) , and use a reflector screen opposite as a fill - in . Or have a flash unit with two heads so that you can use the second head as a secondary source of illumina tion . You can activate two separate , unconnected units at the same time with - a " slave " unit . The first flash unit is con nected to the camera , and the second unit plugs into a hot shoe attachment on the slave . The slave unit has a photo sensitive cell which fires the second flash in unison with the first .
Most larger studio flash units have a modeling light which gives you a rough indication of how the light will fall on the face and figure of the sitter . But the inten sity of the flash at least ten times stronger than the modeling light will invariably create a different effect . Many professionals test their lighting with a shot on instant film ( see p . 104 ) .
Flash meters
With any studio flash unit , it is essential to use a flash meter for exposure calcula tion , since an ordinary exposure meter is not capable of recording a reading during the brief duration of a flash discharge . You must use a special flash meter - dial in the speed of the film you are using on the scale , plug the meter's lead into your flashgun , and point the flash meter with its light - sensitive cell at the camera from the position of the sitter . Set off the flash gun . The flash discharge will activate an arrow on the meter , indicating the appropriate stop .
Flash accessories V
1 Filters and filter holder - color light for special effects .
2 Reflector holder - holds the flash reflector which gives a softer , more diffused result .
3 Flash bracket - takes flashgun for off - cameral flash effects .
4 Cable release .
5 Synchronization lead - triggers your flashgun off camera for side rather than frontal lighting .
6 Sensor extension cord - directs the " magic eye " at the subject when bouncing flash against a side or back wall .
7 Power pack provides power for larger flashguns .
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