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الملحقات والفيلم ..
الملحق ..
كتاب التصوير الفوتوغرافي
Accessories and film
Tripods
Many photographers are unenthusiastic about using a tripod - they find a hand held camera more convenient . For por traiture make it a rule to use a tripod whenever possible , to steady your camera for a pin - sharp result , and leave you free to adjust lights or arrange your sitter Your tripod should be light but steady . with easily adjustable controls . A ball and - socket head allows you to move the camera quickly in any direction at the touch of a single control . Clip - fastening . telescopic extension legs are easier to operate than screw - fastening types . A reversible center column will allow a very low camera position . Carry a long cable release with you for exposures of sec or longer .
Filters
For black and white work indoors you will not need filters . Outdoors , you may need a yellow filter to strengthen clouds in the background . For color work you should have conversion filters for Type B tung sten film and for daylight film ( see p . 42 ) Carry a pale pink filter to warm up your transparencies in a high altitude or near the sea , or on a dull , gray day . A pale blue filter will adjust the overwarm color of late afternoon sun . And have diffusion or soft focus filters to minimize skin defects like wrinkles and spots , and an ultraviolet ( UV ) filter to reduce excessive blueness .
Tripod types The medium - size tripod , top left , has additional support arms attached to the legs and center column to give greater steadiness . Some models have reversible center columns , allowing you to position the camera at a low level . The small tripod , below left is for a 35 mm camera . It is lightweight , and easy to carry , but it is not sufficiently robust or steady for larger format cameras . A cable release , bottom , is useful for long exposures .
Ball - and - socket tripod head A This type of head is excellent for portraiture because you can adjust the position of the camera on the tripod with just one control .
Lens hoods A A lens hood prevents extraneous light from entering the lens and affecting image quality . Modern lenses are coated to combat flare , but it is still important to fit a lens hood when shooting into the light . Hoods are rubber plastic or metal .
CdS exposure meter A This Lunasix meter provides readings ranging from 1/4000 sec to eight hours . A special optical attachment will convert the meter into a spot meter .
Filter fittings > Filters are either circular glass types in metal mounts which screw into the lens mount , top right , or square high quality plastic types which fit into a holder that you attach to the lens mount , bottom right . The circular types can only be used with one lens thread size , but the square types have different - sized adaptor rings which attach the holder to different lenses .
Exposure meters
Only a very accurate exposure will ensure a top quality photograph . There are three alternatives : a meter built into the camera , a hand - held selenium cell meter , or the more modern CdS hand - held type . Built in meters which provide a through - the lens ( TTL ) light measurement are not ideal for portraiture . A TTL meter usually gives an average reading of the whole scene , while the portrait photographer is mostly concerned with the light reading for the sitter alone . It is best to take a reading for the sitter's head with a hand held meter . Modern CdS meters are highly sensitive and accurate , and if you intend to take a lot of portraits in dimly - lit interiors a CdS meter is ideal . Selenium cell meters are less sensitive , but equally accurate , cheaper , and perfectly adequate for most situations .
There are two methods of reading exposure with a hand - held meter : first , by reflected light , reading directly off the sitter's face or off your own hand held in the same light ; second , by incident light you point the meter's translucent dome from the sitter in the direction of the camera and the light .
Film chart V For straightforward portraiture fine - grain , slow speed films are best . For photojournalistic shots , where you may not be able to light the subject well , a faster speed ( 400 ASA ) film is preferable , despite the increased grain . If you are shooting in color for editorial purposes , transparency film is essential for high - quality reproduction . With color material , make sure that you match film to lighting use tungsten film for tungsten lighting , and day light film for natural light .
الملحق ..
كتاب التصوير الفوتوغرافي
Accessories and film
Tripods
Many photographers are unenthusiastic about using a tripod - they find a hand held camera more convenient . For por traiture make it a rule to use a tripod whenever possible , to steady your camera for a pin - sharp result , and leave you free to adjust lights or arrange your sitter Your tripod should be light but steady . with easily adjustable controls . A ball and - socket head allows you to move the camera quickly in any direction at the touch of a single control . Clip - fastening . telescopic extension legs are easier to operate than screw - fastening types . A reversible center column will allow a very low camera position . Carry a long cable release with you for exposures of sec or longer .
Filters
For black and white work indoors you will not need filters . Outdoors , you may need a yellow filter to strengthen clouds in the background . For color work you should have conversion filters for Type B tung sten film and for daylight film ( see p . 42 ) Carry a pale pink filter to warm up your transparencies in a high altitude or near the sea , or on a dull , gray day . A pale blue filter will adjust the overwarm color of late afternoon sun . And have diffusion or soft focus filters to minimize skin defects like wrinkles and spots , and an ultraviolet ( UV ) filter to reduce excessive blueness .
Tripod types The medium - size tripod , top left , has additional support arms attached to the legs and center column to give greater steadiness . Some models have reversible center columns , allowing you to position the camera at a low level . The small tripod , below left is for a 35 mm camera . It is lightweight , and easy to carry , but it is not sufficiently robust or steady for larger format cameras . A cable release , bottom , is useful for long exposures .
Ball - and - socket tripod head A This type of head is excellent for portraiture because you can adjust the position of the camera on the tripod with just one control .
Lens hoods A A lens hood prevents extraneous light from entering the lens and affecting image quality . Modern lenses are coated to combat flare , but it is still important to fit a lens hood when shooting into the light . Hoods are rubber plastic or metal .
CdS exposure meter A This Lunasix meter provides readings ranging from 1/4000 sec to eight hours . A special optical attachment will convert the meter into a spot meter .
Filter fittings > Filters are either circular glass types in metal mounts which screw into the lens mount , top right , or square high quality plastic types which fit into a holder that you attach to the lens mount , bottom right . The circular types can only be used with one lens thread size , but the square types have different - sized adaptor rings which attach the holder to different lenses .
Exposure meters
Only a very accurate exposure will ensure a top quality photograph . There are three alternatives : a meter built into the camera , a hand - held selenium cell meter , or the more modern CdS hand - held type . Built in meters which provide a through - the lens ( TTL ) light measurement are not ideal for portraiture . A TTL meter usually gives an average reading of the whole scene , while the portrait photographer is mostly concerned with the light reading for the sitter alone . It is best to take a reading for the sitter's head with a hand held meter . Modern CdS meters are highly sensitive and accurate , and if you intend to take a lot of portraits in dimly - lit interiors a CdS meter is ideal . Selenium cell meters are less sensitive , but equally accurate , cheaper , and perfectly adequate for most situations .
There are two methods of reading exposure with a hand - held meter : first , by reflected light , reading directly off the sitter's face or off your own hand held in the same light ; second , by incident light you point the meter's translucent dome from the sitter in the direction of the camera and the light .
Film chart V For straightforward portraiture fine - grain , slow speed films are best . For photojournalistic shots , where you may not be able to light the subject well , a faster speed ( 400 ASA ) film is preferable , despite the increased grain . If you are shooting in color for editorial purposes , transparency film is essential for high - quality reproduction . With color material , make sure that you match film to lighting use tungsten film for tungsten lighting , and day light film for natural light .
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