موضوع علم النفس  وجهة النظر الموضوعي ٢ 

موضوع علم النفس

وجهة النظر الموضوعي


In 1905, with Dr. Simon, he created a metric scale for measuring intelligence, which then spread (1) throughout the world, to the point that the Americans made many improvements to it, so they applied testing methods in the army during World War I, and scientists in Europe and America began to choose for each person. They work in proportion to their preparations, and they elect a person for each work who fulfills the conditions of psychological preparation for it 11

-- Psychologists were not satisfied with studying the psychological conditions of the adult, civilized person, but rather they expanded the scope of their research, and addressed the study of children and the study of human races. They found that psychological conditions differ according to age, sex, and groups, to the point that they differentiated between men and women in this regard, and they studied all psychological images. So they extracted general matters from it. This method of psychology had the best effect

There are many who have studied the child’s psyche, and we specifically mention among them: Beriah R (2), (Baldafin), (Stanley Hall), (Al-Fardbinah), (Dawy) (3), (Kala Bared) (4), (Bayaja), and (Soulli). And (Decroly). The summary of what these scholars concluded is that the child’s soul goes through different stages and that each stage has special characteristics.

Sociologists have demonstrated the influence of the social environment on the individual’s psyche. They examined the mutual influences between individuals, and Gabriel Tarde stated correct opinions on indoctrination and imitation. He even wrote a book on the laws of imitation (Les lois de l’imitation), in which he explained how. Souls influence one another. In addition, sociologists have dealt with many psychological studies and decided that the group has a common spirit among its members, and they said that this spirit differs according to the different groups. The German school ended up establishing a branch of psychology that they called the psychology of peoples (Psychologie des peuples). It was the French philosopher’s name. In Levy - Bruhl (important studies in the psychology of elementary groups, which led to the statement that there is an elementary mentality specific to elementary human beings similar to the mentality of children.

4 - Then the ancient psychologists neglected the study of animals, so a group of natural history scientists turned to this research. They described the natures of animals and their instincts and compared them to human customs and morals, and established a field of psychology that they called comparative psychology (Pcychologie Comparée).

Their method in this research is an objective, external method, because following the subjective, internal method may lead to attributing some human characteristics to the animal, even though the animal’s feelings are not known in terms of their essence and reality, and access to them is not possible. Therefore, natural scientists avoid research into the internal conditions of animals, and limit themselves to what is apparent. It seems from . They call this “behavioral psychology,” which is a method by which one can gain knowledge of the animal’s behavior and its reactions resulting from the influence of external factors. His qualities and instincts

The first person to say this in this way was Lluxley, then J. B. Watson and his school, which was called the Behaviorist school, wove in his style. The Russian scientist (mostly Bechterer) has a book entitled Objective Psychology (Psy chologie objective), disapproving of physiologists in studying reflexes. As for France, the most famous proponents of this doctrine are: Henri Perron, Georges Bohn, and Bouvet.

And (Rabo).

E - Then, doctors’ interest in psychological illnesses (1) led to the establishment of a psychological branch that scholars called psychopathology, and this branch became one of the established principles that brought great benefit to general psychology. In addition, the methods of hypnosis and psychoanalysis have revealed new aspects of psychological investigations.

The first to draw the attention of doctors to treating mental illnesses according to the method of modern medicine were Pinel (1745-1826) and Esquial (17-1840). Their methods were followed by Broussais, Dupre, and Regis. Those who succeeded in this in Nowadays they are Pierre Janet, Georges Dumas, Charles Bondel, Henri Wallon, and others.

- Charcot (1825 - 1893) used the method of hypnosis in studying nervous diseases. He was the head of the Salpetriere and Salpetriere schools, as was Dr. Bernheim, the head of the Nancy school, then Dr. Charles Riche and Dr. Jeanne. However, their discussions In psychology, hypnosis is no longer of much benefit. In fact, psychiatrists today have begun to doubt the benefit of this method.

As for the method of psychoanalysis, it was created by the Austrian Dr. Sigmund Freud, a student of Charcot. It is a method that seeks to penetrate the depths of the subconscious by studying mental illnesses, studying dreams, and studying wrong actions and involuntary actions (1). However, this psychoanalysis is similar to the old subjective method, in addition to Its application is not without difficulties.

6 - In the end, we can single out Ribot (1) for a reference in this book, because in his method he combined these aspects that we mentioned. According to the group of psychologists, his method was more precise, and his consideration of the facts was deeper.

He wrote a book on Psychology among the English, and a book on Psychology among the Germans, in which he stated his opinion on the necessity of the independence of psychology from the science of metaphysics. It is true that he said in the introduction