موضوع علم النفس وتعريفه

موضوع علم النفس وتعريفه

The subject of psychology and its definition


1 - Some obstacles that delayed the independence of psychology

Psychology is still in its infancy today. What are the reasons that have hindered it now from being characterized by positive sciences?

Psychological investigations have attracted the attention of philosophers since ancient times, and there is rarely a philosopher who has not had an impact in researching the soul and its nature. What motivated philosophers to research this is nothing but their desire to clarify the moral rules that a person should follow in his life. Their investigations were subject to philosophical goals, and their analysis of psychological matters was profound, and as a result of all of their effects, they did not succeed in establishing psychology on firm, positive foundations, because their ideas were a mixture of imagination and reality. There are no investigations (Plato) of magic and beauty, except that they are with
And Aristotle is not (nor are the looks of) Plotinus and (Marcurel) - despite her injury.

The goal - abstract from distant philosophical purposes.

As you can see, psychology studies are old and it is difficult to find the beginning. However, the Greeks themselves, the Arabs and the Europeans, until the nineteenth century, did not realize the impact that following the experimental scientific method and the positivist method had in dealing with psychological issues.

In the third century BC, Aristotle wrote the Book of the Soul (Traité de l'ame). This book included a deep analysis of many psychological actions. However, the philosopher Stagir (1) was not devoid of a philosophical purpose in any of his chapters. When he investigated perception, he applied his well-known philosophical method. He divided existing beings into potentially existing ones and actually existing ones, and distinguished between matter and form. His discussions were far from positive science, and every chapter of his book was connected to a philosophical purpose. Among what was reported from Descartes is that he doubted memory, not because experience brought it back, but because this doubt was based on his opinion about the nature of time, and Leibniz denied the influence of souls on one another, because he believed that the individual essences that he called monads (They cannot be overlapped. 6

You see that philosophers did not liberate psychology from imaginative notions and philosophical principles, so it is not surprising if its independence from philosophy was delayed, and it cannot be separated from it unless it adheres to reality and its issues become subject to observation, observation, and experimentation.

The description of Paradise and the rivers of honey in the Epistle of Forgiveness is not real, but rather imaginary, and so is the description of the sky in the book The Divine Comedy by Dante (2). He does not describe what he saw with his senses, but rather what he created with his imagination. We think that the philosophers' description of the states of the soul was similar to Dante's description of the heavens, because they do not see events as they are in reality, but rather they see them as they should be in relation to their philosophical goals.

One of the things that has hindered psychology from integration since ancient times is the tendency for humans to look, under the influence of the necessities of life, to material things before moral things. Life requires action before looking (1) Hu Fuding said: Our first natural life passes in sensory and imaginative perception, not in contemplative perception. This is because man was practical before he became theoretical. In his good and evil, he is required to forget himself and devote himself entirely to the outside world (2), so that he does not rise above the tangible, does not detach himself from matter, and does not realize the beauty of mental images except after he has reached a high degree of knowledge and exercise. What benefit does elementary man have in looking at himself and forgetting the outside world? Can he avoid the dangers of nature, ferocious animals, and sudden accidents if he contemplates his inner life? The life of contemplation requires a high degree of civilization