موسوعة العلمـاء و المخترعين .. العلمـاء بالترتيب حسب اسم الشهرة .. الحرف ٩_ف

Encyclopedia of Scientists and Inventors.. Scientists in order according to their nickname.. The letter 9_F

⏹ Fermat, Pierre Fermat , Pierre

Italian physicist (1601 - 1665)
Fermat is best known as the founder of the modern number theory. His studies paved the way for differential arithmetic, and among his most prominent works is a book about the maxima and the minimum (maxima and minima), which resulted in a conflict with some of Descartes' opinions.
Fermat worked on the reflection of light and developed the so-called least time principle
Perhaps the most important of Fermat's theories are those that he called: Fermat's last theorem, which states that if each of x, y, and p are integers without zeros, then "x" is raised to the power "n, plus" y “to the power of “n” is equal to “p” to the power of “than”, then this will not be true unless it is greater than two, i.e. cn + r n = - p n As for “Fermat’s principle, in light (principle of least time) it states However, the light that penetrates different media travels in the path that requires a shorter period of time to pass through than it takes to cross any other path in those media that it penetrates.
Fermat was a friend of Pascal, and they shared the first lines of the subject of probability (probability).
Verma's distinction was that he gathered, in addition to his position as a mathematician, being a linguist and a lawyer, his important achievements in mathematics only through his interest in this science as a hobby.

⏹ Fermi, Enrico

Italian physicist (1901-1954).
Fermi was educated in Gentingen and Leiden, then taught physics in Rome.
Fermi was the first to try to convert elements into other elements by changing their atomic structure by bombarding heavy elements with neutrons in 1934. He worked as a professor of physics at Columbia University and won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1938, and in 1942 he was responsible for setting up the first atomic reactor.

⏹ Werner, Alfred Werner,

Swiss chemist (1866 - 1919)
Werner learned in Zurich and Paris. Then he worked as a professor of chemistry in «Zurich». While he was in Paris, he collaborated with the scientist Berthlot in a number of chemical studies · He was interested in the "stereochemistry" of oximes (which is the chemistry of the stereostructure of molecules).
Werner's most important achievements in the field of chemistry were his theory of equivalence, which is based on "co-ordination", which helped to increase knowledge on the subject of aggregating symmetrical chemical compositions in terms of elements of different properties, isomerism and compound salts.
Werner received the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1913.

⏹ Ferry Frank Washington
Very Frank Washington

American astronomer (1852 - 1927)
Ferry worked as an assistant to the physicist Langley (Langley from 1834 to 1906), where they conducted studies on the surface temperature of the Moon and the atmosphere of Mars. Ferry concluded, using an advanced astronomical thermometer manufactured by Langley, that the surface temperature of the moon during the day is about 212 degrees Fahrenheit (one hundred degrees Celsius), then it rises with the progression of the day to about 356 degrees Fahrenheit (one hundred and eighty degrees Celsius). firefly), and Ferry designed a device to measure and record Fraunhofer lines (the black lines in the solar spectrum). Ferry also explained that the white nebulae are galaxies, as well as the presence of oxygen and water in the Martian atmosphere. Ferry took over the management of the Westwood Astrophysical Observatory Observatory).

Andreas Visalius, Andreas Visalius.

Flemish (Belgian) anatomist (1514-1564)
Vesalius is considered the father of modern anatomy, and he was educated in Louvain and Paris, then he worked as a professor in Padua, as he was not satisfied with teaching in Paris. He also taught in Basel (Basel), Pisa and Bologna (Italy). Vesalius published his famous book on anatomy: Corporis Fabrica, published in 1543, De Humani.
Which formed a valid basis for modern life science. Vesalius fell under the burden of petrification of the church, which condemned him to the death penalty, then commuted the sentence by replacing the death penalty with pilgrimage in 1564. All of this was done by order of the Inquisition courts, because Vesalius was extracting plucks (biopsies) from the human body to conduct his medical experiments on them. Vesalius died during the execution of the sentence on pilgrimage while he was passing through Greece when he was fifty years old. This genius was able to correct two hundred of Galen's erroneous hypotheses, and he was about to reach very important discoveries. He discovered the venous valves, but he did not discover their true role, and he was the first to say that the brain and nervous system are the physical basis of the personality and not the heart muscle, thus paving the way for Harvey to give new concepts about the heart.
The achievements of Vesalius are too broad to be confined to such a brief biography, but it can be said that he is one of the greatest anatomists of all time, and his student Titian and another named G.S. J. S. van Calcar.

⏹ Fizeau, Armand Aibolit Louis
Armand Fizeau, Hyppolyte Louis

French physicist (1819 - 1896)
Viso was passionate about studying physics. His financial condition helped him to do so, as he spent a lot of his wealth in order to conduct his experiments, so he was able to measure the speed of light in an experiment confined to the surface of the earth (ie, without making measurements related to celestial bodies, and he reached the figure of 315000 km / s).
Fizzo cooperated with Foucault in finding an improved method of measurement, but the cooperation between them stopped before completing the experiment, so they reached - each separately - to independent results. Fizzo explained the “Doppler Principle” and explained how to use this rule in determining the speed of stars in the line of sight.