عناصر ومراحل تطور عملية الاعلام الاجتماعي ٣_a .. كتاب دراسات نظرية في علم الصحافة

This term "pencil"? - From my memory, he quoted the language that calls such a thing (a pencil)

Is it possible that the term “pencil” existed if man had never existed?

- both . Then no one will think of it or pronounce it
Which pencils are present:

Thus, this person of our experience has confirmed the theory of knowledge, which was developed by the philosophy known as (dialectical materialism). Every sane person reflects and thinks about things like the person of our experience.

Knowledge Topics:

That is, the subject (material, content) of our knowledge is not only that pen, which we said exists outside and independent of our consciousness, but that all things and phenomena in nature and society are subjects (materials) of our knowledge, i.e. the totality of objective reality.

Sensory knowledge:

It is the objective reality that we feel. A person in our experiment told us how he came to know that this object was a pencil. He said: “I saw it and felt it.” Thus, he refers to his feelings and sensations. What does this mean in particular? The excitement it caused.

The pencil on his senses has been transmitted through his nerves to the special and concerned parts of the brain, just as electricity is transmitted through wires. And in the brain, excitement turned into appropriate sensations.

The individual sensations such as smoothness, color, shape, etc., have gathered and united in the brain to form the sensory perception, which reflects and expresses the thing in its sensory whole, which is the totality of its aspects, external qualities and distinctive features.

Then the person of our experiment told us that he could distinguish the pencil and determine that it was a pencil because he had seen many pencils before. He has a mental image (image) of the pencil. The human brain has the ability to preserve our previous sensory perceptions for a long time. The mental image reproduces previous sensory perceptions in the brain.

Thus, knowledge always begins with the study of things from the external world with the help of our sense organs. Thus, the sense organs are a kind of gateway through which objective reality enters our mind.

Sensations, feelings and sensory perceptions belong to the first stage of knowledge, i.e. to what is called sensory knowledge.

Now we will be exposed to another theory of knowledge. We have decided that the objects of knowledge actually exist independently of our consciousness. That is why we asked the experimenter the question that seemed funny: Is there any need to feel or perceive the pencil in order to make it exist? There is a school. Intellectualism represented by the Englishman George Berkeley and the Austrian Ernst Mach says: The only thing that exists is feelings and sensations, i.e. objective things in nature or society. Feelings are the only ones that teach us that something exists in our awareness, and therefore there is nothing that exists outside our awareness. Things and sensory perceptions of these things are, for these two philosophers, the same thing. Thus, they wanted to say: I am the one who created the whole external world, and that is through my awareness. And other people are perceptions of my mind and have no objective existence. This school is called (subjective idealism), because the founders of this school believe that the individual's thoughts are the only source of his knowledge.

The school (self-idealism) and other schools that are expressed in the school (existentialism) are represented by philosophers such as Heidegger and Jaspers.

The German philosopher Schopenhauer said about subjective idealists: “They cannot be helped by arguments and proofs, but only by healing in the madhouse.”

In the stage of sensory knowledge, the process of reversing the external world takes place quickly and directly. Sensory knowledge gives a clear reflection of the objective world in all its colors and diversity. This is the advantage and benefit of sensory knowledge. But many (benefits), such as sensory knowledge, are not sufficient on their own, if it is the highest and final stage of our knowledge, then, as the German philosopher Feuerbach said: (Animals can also become teachers).

Sensory knowledge gives us an idea (perception) only of the outer aspects of things.

Boolean knowledge:

The highest stage in the development of knowledge is the stage of logical knowledge. In. At this stage of logical thinking, man reaches knowledge of the laws that control the development of reality, those laws that man desperately needs in his practical activity based on
The most important thing in logical thinking is the concept, and the concept does not reflect (depicts) all aspects of the issue (matter, subject, thing) concerned, but only those aspects that are general and common to all issues (subjects, subjects, things) of this kind.

Let us remember our previous experience.. The other pencils known by the person of our experience may not be green, have six sides, and are four inches long, but may be red or yellow, short, cylindrical, and without sides. But, despite this, the person in our experiment was able to say that this green thing, which has six sides, is a pencil. Thus, we have discovered that some of the characteristics that this pencil possesses are not essential or specific for it to be considered a pencil, just as we have discovered that there are other characteristics that are absolutely necessary in order to consider this thing a pencil.

If we don't see the outside of this thing and the little black end

For lead, we may not say that this thing is a pencil, but if the entire outer surface of this thing is blue, brown, or white, this does not change anything from the fact that it is a pencil.

Human thinking analyzes the sensory perceptions obtained by man. It also separates the individual and secondary features (characteristics, features) of a thing from its fixed and inherent features (characteristics, features). Thinking can do this process because it compares new sensory perceptions with mental images (Ideates) resulting from previous sensory perceptions of the same kind. The process of sorting out the individual special features from the basic (permanent and inherent) features is called analysis. This process follows and is followed by another process, which is synthesis, and then the process of generalization. The process of analysis and synthesis of this abstraction. Generalization is a concept, and it is expressed by language: (pencil). Marx and Engels explained thinking and language in their book (The German Ideology) in the third way: it is what we call: it is the relationship between it and it is the following: (language. the direct embodiment of thought). All our concepts are generalizations. The concept of «pencil» applied to, and used for this green and long pencil, expresses (clarifies, in pictures) the constant and essential in all pencils and contained in this one thing «the pencil». The concept of (pencil) applies to all things that have these fixed and common characteristics. Concepts are abstractions that only the human mind can exist and reach