نظرية الأنواع الصحفية ٣_a .. كتاب دراسات نظرية في علم الصحافة

The journalistic achievement, which is appropriate and consistent with it, according to the special ability of each type, and the journalist will determine the way in which each type of journalist can achieve specific basic journalistic goals, whether in the field of news or in the field of commentary or entertainment materials

Some types of journalism gain their journalistic career orientation also from the fact that these types occupy a solid position within the newspaper or within radio or television programs and thus move in the spotlight in front of the public: we refer to this, in particular, to the editorial article, commentary, local headlines, and television investigations.

3 - The relationship between the general methods of journalistic presentation and the special methods of displaying or presenting specific journalistic material.

In its direct and indirect presentation of information, journalism uses both the mental-logical and descriptive-sensory means of presentation and presentation: the nature and forms of the journalistic purpose determine the mental and emotional effects on the human being, the specific observation, and the scientific conclusion.

The rational - logical and descriptive - sensory means effectively penetrate the different journalistic genres, and affect their basic characteristics, as well as influence, to some extent or another, the features of their own style.

There is a close relationship between the methods of presentation and presentation of each type of journalism and the methods of these types. The methods and means of journalistic genres work require that the journalist master the methods of presentation and presentation such as reporting, analysis, dialogue, description, photography and narration, as well as knowing the advantages of each of these genres. Let us take, for example, the informant. He will not fully fulfill his responsibility unless he bases his report on the flexible formulation of reality and on documentary and aesthetic images. He must also use explanations and mental images, and therefore the informant must lead the reader towards radical knowledge, through the tangible presentation of human beings and their actions. .

Presenting ideas, explaining facts and analyzing their internal relationships, as well as presenting dialogue about problems and main methods in news journalism types such as commentary and editorial article. This, of course, means that these genres are free of quotations and literary images, although the nature of these genres is essentially inherent in the explanatory style.

Thus, we see that the news itself is not merely presenting a case, but rather that the elements of commentary in it lie in most cases in choosing the facts and in the spirit of bias, and in putting these facts, arranging them, directing them, and determining the quality of the vocabulary used in them.

The richness and diversity of reality calls for special uses and applications of genre according to each type of text. This fact prevents the establishment of fixed boundaries between the different types, and therefore it is very difficult to talk about (pure) and (pure) types. The key issue in the conscious use of genres in each case is understanding and applying the best possible use of the particular modes of expression available to each type of journalistic genre.

4- Structure of journalistic genres.

The general structure of the journalistic genre is similar to the structure of the hadeeth and its basic elements. In general, four main elements can be distinguished:

A - The inciting and exciting presentation or introduction.

B - Choice, i.e. presenting the material, evidence and event.

C - the conclusion, that is, the convincing solution.

D - final notes before leaving the reader or listener.

These basic elements are found in a modified and appropriate manner in the different types of journalism. For example, these four elements are present in the journalistic genre known as Feuilleton, united with expectation and solution, while in the other genre (commentary) they are found clearly and explicitly at the expense of the subject and content. This is because these four elements determine the order and organization of the argument. This explains the dependence of the suspension effect to a large extent on the precise and specific arrangement of these elements.

The measure and characteristics, necessary for each journalistic genre, form a single whole, while at the same time, the defining characteristics of journalistic impact become clearer, and are defined as follows:

1- The immediate (current): Rapid information about the present, the important, and the new, the actual and prominent current events. This vessel appears in each type of press in different ways. The (news) genre, for example, includes the element of rapid reporting on the objective state of issues to a greater degree than a filitron can do.

2- Effectiveness: Although the nature and degree of effectiveness varies from one type to another, each type of journalism known to have its own effectiveness. The effectiveness of reportage, for example, lies in the fact that it presents human behavior in a special, clear and specific way. As for the effectiveness of the editorial article, it comes from the fact that it addresses a fundamental issue by presenting and citing convincing evidence. The potential of each type of journalism varies and its ability to excite the reader immediately and push him to contribute positively to changing his reality. Therefore, in order for the journalist to achieve the desired benefit from each type of journalist, he must use all types in a common and intertwined way.

3- Generality (inclusivity): one type of journalism has the characteristic of generality, regardless of the content and topic. That is why we must consider that certain types of journalism are often preferable to take into account during journalistic practice to deal with certain topics. When a journalist sets out to comment on aggressive American politics, he will seldom resort to writing a filiton, rather he will prefer an editorial or something similar.

4- Dissemination: The journalist should note the way in which the typical characteristics of the journalistic production (such as uncomplicated construction, relative shortness, etc.) exert their influence on the journalistic genre. It should also be taken into account that the types of journalism address both the broad audience and a specific circle of readers, such as workers, intellectuals, farmers or youth. All of this should leave a clear impact on the vocabulary and style of writing the type:

5- Continuity: The special ability of each type of journalism increases if it is used in a programmed, planned and continuous way..United continuity with flexible use helps to confirm certain interests, and to consolidate the knowledge and information presented and presented. At the same time, continuity helps perpetuate certain traditions in reading, listening and watching.

6- The influence of the media outlet: The special features of the media outlet, the type of radio and television programmes, and the type and style of the newspaper leave their extremely important effects on the method of displaying and presenting journalistic genres. Thus, the spoken word, for example, is not the only factor that calls for changes in the structure of journalistic production. Rather, the internal relationships between the moving image and sound on the one hand, and the spoken text on the one hand, as well as the existing between the other, require appropriate changes as well.

7- Common strength: Regardless of the ability or ability of each type of journalist, the journalist must take into account an important fact. Which is that any of these multiple types does not exist and does not work in isolation from other types and forms, and even previously, there are no solid barriers between these different types. It is eligible for joint and unified action. This fact is very important for the purposeful and programmed use of a single species or a group of species jointly in the work