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تقنيات الطباعة المتقدمة
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ADVANCED PRINTING TECHNIQUES
DODGING WITH THE PRINTING BOX
Most printing boxes have a number of lamps suitably spaced to provide even illumination over the entire negative area . It is a simple matter to do quite a bit of elementary dodging with such printing boxes by covering or removing some of the lamps to unbalance the lighting . If one corner of a negative is too thin , the lamp in that corner can be switched off or covered with a sheet of white tissue or bond paper to reduce exposure and bring the print into balance . If one side is too dense , only the lamps on that side need be used .
This type of control is applicable to negatives where the area to be dodged only roughly defined . It will not do where more accurate covering of a precisely outlined area is necessary . For that , you must resort to a method of dodging called " tissuing , " because it entails the use of tissue paper
One side of the printing box is hinged so it can be opened to allow access to the interior without disturbing the negative . When you open this side , you will see a set of grooves or slides below the negative . These grooves are made to take sheets of clear glass on which the tissue masks are placed when dodging . Figure 3 shows a typical printing box with the front side open so you can see the glass sheet in place .
Figure 3 Commercial contact printer with front opened to show diffusion glass and location of tissue masks .
To dodge a print with this type of printing box , all you need is some white tissue paper , a pair of scissors ( or a sharp knife ) , a small roll of transparent scotch tape , and a soft pencil . Let us assume that you want to dodge the picture in Figure 4 to print - in the clouds so as to give you the results seen in Figure 5. Cut a small sheet of tissue the exact size and shape of the foreground areas you want to hold back . This tissue is your dodging mask . Next , set the negative in place so it occupies the exact position it will have when you make the print . Place the tissue mask on the glass sheet underneath the negative . Switch on the printing lights , and looking straight down through the negative , move the tissue mask about until it shades the area you want to hold back . Place any convenient object on the tissue so it doesn't move and then fasten it down with two small strips of the transparent scotch tape . Remove the weight from the tissue , close the printing box , and you are ready to print .
The first test print will tell you whether the tissue is correctly placed , whether it is the right size , and whether it has the correct density . Remedies for the first two cases are quite obvious , and with a little practice you will develop the ability to place a tissue exactly where you want it . The size of the tissue with relation to the dodged area depends upon the type of illumination in your printer , the location and size of the dodged area , and how it should be blended into its surroundings . All this comes with practice
If your test print shows the tissue action isn't strong enough , use a double thickness or darken it by going over it lightly with a soft pencil . The pencil
Figure 4 This is a straight contact print , with no printing control .
Figure 5 This print was made from the negative of Figure 4 , but the sky area was printed in to bring out the clouds .
Figure 6 A typical tissue mask made for control - printing an 8 x 10 negative in a large contact printer . The cut - away upper right corner provides maximum exposure ( maximum printing - in ) and the pencilled areas provide minimum exposure ( maximum holding back ) .
method has an added advantage in that you can darken only part of it . For example , you can make the near foreground darker than the middle distance by darkening the upper part of the tissue slightly so as to hold back the middle distance more than the foreground . A tissue mask prepared in this way is shown in Figure 6 .
If the tissue holds back too much light , cut down its effectiveness by using it for only part of the exposure . Let us suppose the basic exposure is 10 seconds and you want to dodge for only five seconds . Make a five second exposure and switch off the printer . If your printer doesn't have a separate switch for the printing lights , release the catch on the printer platen and raise it only enough to break electrical contact . Now remove the tissue mask and expose for another five seconds .
of Once you understand the basic principles of tissuing , the rest is just a matter sense plus little ingenuity . All you do is place the tissue under the area you want to hold back . You can reduce its effect by using it for only part of the exposure . You can increase it by using two or more thicknesses or by drawing on it with a soft pencil .
Printing - in by the tissue method is the reverse of holding back . Obviously , if you are holding back part of the negative , you are , at the same time , printing - in the remainder . To print - in , therefore , you simply use a sheet of tissue large
enough to mask the entire negative and cut an opening in it for the area you want to print - in . The simplest way to do this is to place the negative in printing position and cover it with the tissue . With a soft pencil draw the outline of the area to be printed - in , taking care not to press too hard or the negative will be damaged . If the pilot light of the printer isn't strong enough to outline the negative clearly , turn on the printing light . Now cut out the outlined area , and your dodging tissue is finished .
In using a tissue dodging mask , you may find that the dodged area does not blend in well and the outlines show clearly . This is seldom a problem in large printers because they use several lamps to give a diffused light source , and also space the dodging glass two to three inches from the negative . In smaller printers or those that use a single lamp bulb , you will probably have to diffuse the edges tissue . You can do this in several ways :
1. Cut the edges of the tissue into a jagged , saw tooth shape .
2. Lower the tissue glass so it isn't so close to the negative .
3. Place a sheet of ground glass between the tissue and negative .
Most printers have two sets of grooves - one for the tissue glass and the other for the diffusing glass . If your printer isn't so supplied , support the groundglass on two narrow strips of wood about half an inch thick .
If the dodging is to be quite simple , many photographers prefer to use a sheet of matte - surfaced plastic instead of tissue . They simply darken the surface of this plastic sheet by drawing on it with a soft pencil whenever they want an area to be held back . If this area is relatively small in size , it is usually quicker and easier to use this method than the tissue method . When the printing job is done , the pencil can be removed by rubbing it off with the fingers under running water . It can , therefore , be re - used as often as need be .
Sometimes where the dodging area is very sharply defined , this matte plastic sheet can actually be taped to the back of the negative so that it serves as a printing mask . Usually it is better to keep the smooth side of the dodging mask in contact with the back of the film so that the thickness of the plastic provides the necessary light diffusion .
تقنيات الطباعة المتقدمة
العبث بصندوق الطباعة
ADVANCED PRINTING TECHNIQUES
DODGING WITH THE PRINTING BOX
Most printing boxes have a number of lamps suitably spaced to provide even illumination over the entire negative area . It is a simple matter to do quite a bit of elementary dodging with such printing boxes by covering or removing some of the lamps to unbalance the lighting . If one corner of a negative is too thin , the lamp in that corner can be switched off or covered with a sheet of white tissue or bond paper to reduce exposure and bring the print into balance . If one side is too dense , only the lamps on that side need be used .
This type of control is applicable to negatives where the area to be dodged only roughly defined . It will not do where more accurate covering of a precisely outlined area is necessary . For that , you must resort to a method of dodging called " tissuing , " because it entails the use of tissue paper
One side of the printing box is hinged so it can be opened to allow access to the interior without disturbing the negative . When you open this side , you will see a set of grooves or slides below the negative . These grooves are made to take sheets of clear glass on which the tissue masks are placed when dodging . Figure 3 shows a typical printing box with the front side open so you can see the glass sheet in place .
Figure 3 Commercial contact printer with front opened to show diffusion glass and location of tissue masks .
To dodge a print with this type of printing box , all you need is some white tissue paper , a pair of scissors ( or a sharp knife ) , a small roll of transparent scotch tape , and a soft pencil . Let us assume that you want to dodge the picture in Figure 4 to print - in the clouds so as to give you the results seen in Figure 5. Cut a small sheet of tissue the exact size and shape of the foreground areas you want to hold back . This tissue is your dodging mask . Next , set the negative in place so it occupies the exact position it will have when you make the print . Place the tissue mask on the glass sheet underneath the negative . Switch on the printing lights , and looking straight down through the negative , move the tissue mask about until it shades the area you want to hold back . Place any convenient object on the tissue so it doesn't move and then fasten it down with two small strips of the transparent scotch tape . Remove the weight from the tissue , close the printing box , and you are ready to print .
The first test print will tell you whether the tissue is correctly placed , whether it is the right size , and whether it has the correct density . Remedies for the first two cases are quite obvious , and with a little practice you will develop the ability to place a tissue exactly where you want it . The size of the tissue with relation to the dodged area depends upon the type of illumination in your printer , the location and size of the dodged area , and how it should be blended into its surroundings . All this comes with practice
If your test print shows the tissue action isn't strong enough , use a double thickness or darken it by going over it lightly with a soft pencil . The pencil
Figure 4 This is a straight contact print , with no printing control .
Figure 5 This print was made from the negative of Figure 4 , but the sky area was printed in to bring out the clouds .
Figure 6 A typical tissue mask made for control - printing an 8 x 10 negative in a large contact printer . The cut - away upper right corner provides maximum exposure ( maximum printing - in ) and the pencilled areas provide minimum exposure ( maximum holding back ) .
method has an added advantage in that you can darken only part of it . For example , you can make the near foreground darker than the middle distance by darkening the upper part of the tissue slightly so as to hold back the middle distance more than the foreground . A tissue mask prepared in this way is shown in Figure 6 .
If the tissue holds back too much light , cut down its effectiveness by using it for only part of the exposure . Let us suppose the basic exposure is 10 seconds and you want to dodge for only five seconds . Make a five second exposure and switch off the printer . If your printer doesn't have a separate switch for the printing lights , release the catch on the printer platen and raise it only enough to break electrical contact . Now remove the tissue mask and expose for another five seconds .
of Once you understand the basic principles of tissuing , the rest is just a matter sense plus little ingenuity . All you do is place the tissue under the area you want to hold back . You can reduce its effect by using it for only part of the exposure . You can increase it by using two or more thicknesses or by drawing on it with a soft pencil .
Printing - in by the tissue method is the reverse of holding back . Obviously , if you are holding back part of the negative , you are , at the same time , printing - in the remainder . To print - in , therefore , you simply use a sheet of tissue large
enough to mask the entire negative and cut an opening in it for the area you want to print - in . The simplest way to do this is to place the negative in printing position and cover it with the tissue . With a soft pencil draw the outline of the area to be printed - in , taking care not to press too hard or the negative will be damaged . If the pilot light of the printer isn't strong enough to outline the negative clearly , turn on the printing light . Now cut out the outlined area , and your dodging tissue is finished .
In using a tissue dodging mask , you may find that the dodged area does not blend in well and the outlines show clearly . This is seldom a problem in large printers because they use several lamps to give a diffused light source , and also space the dodging glass two to three inches from the negative . In smaller printers or those that use a single lamp bulb , you will probably have to diffuse the edges tissue . You can do this in several ways :
1. Cut the edges of the tissue into a jagged , saw tooth shape .
2. Lower the tissue glass so it isn't so close to the negative .
3. Place a sheet of ground glass between the tissue and negative .
Most printers have two sets of grooves - one for the tissue glass and the other for the diffusing glass . If your printer isn't so supplied , support the groundglass on two narrow strips of wood about half an inch thick .
If the dodging is to be quite simple , many photographers prefer to use a sheet of matte - surfaced plastic instead of tissue . They simply darken the surface of this plastic sheet by drawing on it with a soft pencil whenever they want an area to be held back . If this area is relatively small in size , it is usually quicker and easier to use this method than the tissue method . When the printing job is done , the pencil can be removed by rubbing it off with the fingers under running water . It can , therefore , be re - used as often as need be .
Sometimes where the dodging area is very sharply defined , this matte plastic sheet can actually be taped to the back of the negative so that it serves as a printing mask . Usually it is better to keep the smooth side of the dodging mask in contact with the back of the film so that the thickness of the plastic provides the necessary light diffusion .
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