موسوعة العلمـاء و المخترعين .. العلمـاء بالترتيب حسب اسم الشهرة .. الحرف ١٣_أ

Encyclopedia of Scientists and Inventors..in order according to their nickname..the letter 13_a

◾Aitken, John
Aitken, John

Scottish physicist ( 1919 - )
Aitken was interested in studying the atmosphere, and devised a method for measuring the amount of dust in it. Aitken discovered that compressed air laden with dust, when it expands suddenly, creates a cloud in which grains of dust form nuclei for droplets, and this proves that fog cannot form in air that is completely free of dust. It was later discovered that the displaced (ionized) gas molecules can form the nuclei of the droplets as well. Aitken explained that the dew formed on plants is in most cases water resulting from plant transpiration that did not find an opportunity to evaporate as a result of the low temperature. Aitken was elected a member of the British Royal Society.

◾ Eethoven, film
Eithoven Willem

Dutch physiologist (1860-1927)
Eithoven was born in Indonesia, educated in Utrecht in Germany, then worked as a professor of physiology in Leiden.
He invented a new type of galvanometer, which is the string galvanometer, which led to the emergence of the electrocardiogram. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for Medicine in 1924.

Ayrton, William Edward
Ayrton, William Edward

British physicist (1847-1908).
Ayrton was educated at University College in London, then worked as a professor of natural philosophy and telegraphy at the Imperial College of Engineering in Tokyo, and then held the position of professor of applied physics in South Kensington.
Ayrton participated with Perry in the invention of many electrical devices, including what is used to measure electricity. Ayrton also published a book entitled Practical Electricity. His first wife, Matilda Chaplin, was a surgeon and a pioneer in the study of medicine among British women (compare with Dr. Anderson). His second wife was a physicist named Hertha Marles, who participated with him in the study of the electric arc.

◾Earlish, Powell
Paul Ehrlich,

German bacteriologist (1854 - 1914).
P. Ehrlich learned in Breslau, Leipzig, and Strasbourg. He worked as a director at the Royal Institute for Experimental Therapies in Frankfurt. He participated with Mechenkov in sharing the Nobel Prize for Medicine in 1908. Ehrlich discovered several drugs that kill pathogenic germs, such as a parasiticide (trypanosomal bacterium), one of the causes of sleeping sickness, and this is called Article « Trypan, Trypan!
He also discovered a substance called “Silvarsan” and “Neosilvarsan”, which is specialized in the treatment of syphilis, and is characterized by killing germs without harming the tissues of the body. Hassan Ehrlich method of laboratory staining of bacteria. He has other chemical medical researches of great importance.

Ehrenburg, Christian Gottfried
Ehrenberg, Christian Gottfried

German naturalist (1795 - 1876).
Ehrenberg was educated in Leipzig and Berlin
He later worked as a professor of medicine in the latter. Ehrenberg was a great traveler, and he accompanied Humboldt during his trip to the Russian lands. Ehrenberg's studies included rocks of organic, animal or plant origin, and he explained in one of his studies that the property of phosphorescence in the sea is due to the living organisms in it. One of Ehrenberg's most important achievements was his study of ciliates, which are microorganisms from the peephole animals, that study that led to the expansion of his worldwide fame.

◾ Airy, Sir George Biddle
Airy, Sir George Biddell

English astronomer (1801-).
Sir George Airy was educated at Cambridge, where he later held a distinguished position, teaching mathematics and astronomy, and serving as director of the new observatory. Sir George Airy discovered a new form of asymmetry between the motion of Venus and Earth. He was able to determine the mass of the Earth by determining the acceleration of gravity by means of a pendulum. The phenomenon that he observed in the polarization of light during its passage through quartz crystals (quartz crystals) bears the name of Airy spirals.

◾Eysenck, Hans Jürgen
Eysenck, Hans Jurgen

German-born psychologist (1916-).
Eysenck was educated at institutes in Germany and France, worked as a visiting professor in Pennsylvania, London and California, then worked as a professor of psychology in London. He belongs to the school of behaviorists founded by the Soviet psychologist Pavlov, and the latter is the author of the theory that human behavior is conditioned by physical experience. One of the characteristics of the Eysenck school is that it rejects the usual forms of psychological treatment based on Freud's theories. It uses methods based on the conditioned reflex in the human personality. And stresses the importance of scientific demonstration (presentation) in psychology.

◾Avebury, John Lubbock, Lord
Avebury John Lubbock, Lord

English Naturalist (1834 - 1913).
Evbri worked at the beginning of his life as a banker, then he made money to satisfy his craving for the sciences that he was always interested in, so he became a director of the Anthropology Society and the Entomology Society. He wrote several simplified books on science, and Evbri was the first to put signs on bees to make it easier to observe them in the various types of behavior that distinguishes them from other insects.