موسوعة العلمـاء و المخترعين .. العلمـاء بالترتيب حسب اسم الشهرة .. الحرف ٨_أ

Encyclopedia of Scientists and Inventors..in order according to their nickname..the letter 8_a

◾ dye bin Muhammad
Asbagh ibn Muhammad

Andalusian mathematician and astronomer (972-1035)
Asbagh bin Muhammad grew up in Cordoba, then moved to Granada, where he attained a high position in it, despite the fact that his name was not common.
Asbagh bin Muhammad left a number of works, some of which are his productions, and some of which are an interpretation of Greek athletes.
He wrote the book Introduction to Geometry, The Fruits of Numerology, Interpretation of Euclid's Book, and a book on the astrolabe.

◾Agard, Carl Adolf
Agardh, Karl Adolf

Swedish mathematician and botanist (1785-1859).
Agard received his education in «Lund», then lectured on the subject of mathematics, and after that he worked as a professor of botany and rural economics, and in his late days he became a priest · after he had abandoned scientific studies to devote himself to religious studies.
Agard wrote a book entitled Systema Algarum, in which he described about fifty of the wandering plants (diatoms), and this was the first achievement of its kind in relation to these plants.

◾ Agassiz, Jean-Louis Rodolphe
Agassiz, Jean-Louis Rodolphe

Swiss-American naturalist (1807-1873)

Agassiz studied medicine at the institutes of “Zurich”, “Heidelberg” and “Munich”, then he worked as a professor of natural history in “Neuchätel” (Neuenburg).
Agassiz immigrated to America to teach at Harvard and Cornell.
Agassiz was a reference in ichthyology. He wrote several books on this subject and suggested a new division of fish. He was famous for his opposition to Darwin's theories.

◾ Agricola, Georgios
Agricola, Georgius

German scientist, physician, and geologist (1555-1494).
Agricola trained in languages, studied literature, then studied medicine. He was influenced by his environment in which mines and smelting furnaces were available in the Joachimstal region, now known as U Wachimov.
Thus, he embarked on the study of minerals, metallurgy, and mining extraction. He has very clever and early geological observations, so he is considered Agricola
Founder of mineral science (mineralology).
Also, his book on metals contains studies in applied chemistry.

◾ Africanus, Sextus Julius
Africanus, Sextus Julius

Libyan-born traveler and historian (150 BC).
Africanus wrote the history of the world, beginning in the year 5499 BC. He is attributed to compiling a comprehensive book of some of the knowledge of his time, including a way to find the width of a river on one of its sides and explaining how to use signs to communicate from a distance that exceeds the range of the human voice. Africanus developed a calendar in which the birth of Christ deviates from its location by three years. This calendar was used by many Eastern churches.

◾Avogadro, Amedo Conte de Quarena
Avogadro, Amedo, Conte di Quaregna

Italian physicist (1776 - 1856)
Avogadro was born, educated, and then worked as a teacher in Turin, Italy, where he studied
Mathematical Physics Avogadro is famous for the hypothesis known by his name, which states that “under unified conditions, equal volumes of gases contain the same number of particles.”
It is noteworthy that the French mathematical philosopher Ampere proposed a similar theory in 1814.

◾ Euclid

Greek mathematician (330-275 BC).
Euclid was known as a teacher in «Alexandria», and it is believed that he studied in «Athens», and the fame of Euclid, who is considered one of the mathematical geniuses in history, has expanded because of his books on geometry (geometry), whose use has almost continued for two thousand years to this day.
Among the most important books of Euclid are thirteen volumes entitled: Elements, which European scholars transferred into Latin from the Arabic language (as it had previously been translated from Greek during the past Arab renaissance) in the year 1482.
The luster of Euclidean geometry (geometrics) did not fade except with the emergence of the theory of relativity in the twentieth century, when the Euclidean vacuum was violated.
Among Euclid's other books are Data in Geometry and Phenomena in Astronomy and others.
Among his lost works is the Book of Conics, and it is attributed to Euclid, lost books that he thinks were not written by him.

◾ Sir John Carew eats
Eccles, Sir John Careur

Australian medical scientist (1903)
Eccles was educated at the University of Melbourne and then at Oxford and served as Director of the Kanematsu Institute of Diseases.
He was appointed professor at Otago and Canberra and was knighted. Eccles studied the functions of nerves and discovered that a nerve impulse in one cell activates the next cell in the same line. For these researches, he participated with Hodgkin and Huxley in the Nobel Prize for Medicine in 1963.

Olpett, Sir Thomas Clifford
Allbutt, Sir Thomas Clifford

English physician (1836-1925),
Ulpet learned in Cambridge and studied medicine in London and Paris, and worked in medicine for thirty years in Leeds, England, then worked as a professor of medicine in Cambridge. Ulpet invented the short thermometer instead of the old one, which is less suitable because of its length (about 30 cm). ) and his slowness in recording body temperature • Olpett made important studies on tetanus and water fright, and Olpett was a reference in heart diseases.