المسميات التي نشأت عن مقياس النقل .. كتاب آلة التصوير

Names that arose from the transfer scale:

There are conventions or names for images based on
The transmission scale (i.e. the ratio of the length of the image to the length of the object). We have noticed that there is a great confusion in explaining its meaning. continental. About understanding writes about one of them. These terms are:

(a) Macrophotography, which is sometimes called l'hotomacrography.

(b) Close up photography

(c) Photomicrography

(D) Microphotography

This confusion has remained even among the most recent references that speak on behalf of scientific bodies that are important in the field of photography. Therefore, we think that we should start first by presenting the different interpretations of these conventions, then we should choose an interpretation from them that we agree upon and follow in the folds of this book.

First opinion:

This opinion came in what was published by Karl Zeiss factories (1). Jena, and we limit the following to these terms and their meanings according to this opinion:

(a) Macrophotography, under which the division includes:

1- Normal Standard photographs

2- Close up photographs

(b) Photomicrography, including:

1- Low power photomicrography
Low Power Photomicrography
2- High power photomicrography
High Power Photomicrography


The boundaries between macrophotography and photomicrography, according to the first opinion:

In order to clarify the boundaries between these two terms, we imagine a group moving in front of a collecting lens, coming towards it from infinity.

(a) When the body is infinity, the image of this body, as we know, is in the focus of the lens, and its length at that time is much less than the length of the body. (Fig. 86) p. 125, and even if the body gradually advanced towards the lens, its image would still be less long than the body.

(b) If the object reaches a distance from the lens that is twice its focal length, the length of the image is exactly equal to the length of the object, i.e. the transmission scale is equal to 1: 1 (87 pg. 130 fig.).

Here, this opinion mentions that the transfer scale 1:1 is the boundary between the two expressions macrophotography and photomicrography.

The difference between the usual standard photos and close-up photos according to the first opinion:

According to the previous opinion, macro photography is divided into two parts:

(a) Normal Standard Photographs

(b) Close up Photographs

There are clear boundaries between these two types, as the usual standard images are those in which the distance of the object from the lens is greater than the minimum distance referred to above (p. Photographing it by following any of the three auxiliary means (previously mentioned on pages 138 and 139, which are additional lenses, extension tubes, double bellows or triple bellows). Anyway, otherwise the image would not have gone beyond the limits of slyness and photography and entered the limits of photomicrography.

The difference between the two types of photomicrography according to the first opinion:

According to this view, photomicrography is divided into two parts:

(a) Low power photomicrograph
Low Power Photomicrography

(b) High Power Photomicrography

In order to differentiate between them, we return again to the example that we set (p. 153) with the moving object heading towards the lens. We have learned that if the object reaches a distance from the lens equal to twice its focal length, an image will be formed for it on the other side, and at a distance from it equal to twice its focal length as well, and the dimensions of the image will be exactly equal to the dimensions of the body. This is the boundary that separates macrophotography and photomicrography. If the distance between the body and the lens decreases. Twice the focal length, the image will be longer than the object. The image increases in length as the object approaches the lens. We have noticed that the magnification is done here on a single stage Magnification, and this is the case that is called Low Power Photomicrography. Accordingly, this expression includes the case of photographing an object that is far from the lens at a distance that exceeds the focal length and is less than twice that (Fig. 88, page 131).

If a second optical group (such as an eye piece lens) is used to increase the magnification ratio (Fig.

(a) The objective lens, i.e. the lens opposite the object to be photographed.

(B) The eye piece or ocular lens, which performs the second stage of enlargement.
This is the case of microscopic imaging (Fig. 97).

In sum, this source believes that it is wrong to consider the magnification ratio as a dividing line between the two cases of low-power or high-power photomicrography, because according to this opinion, the magnification ratio (i.e. the transmission scale) may be
1:10, for example, and despite that, it is considered a high-power photomicrography if the enlargement was done in two stages, just as the transmission scale may increase from what was previously mentioned, such as (1:16). Nevertheless, in this case it is considered a low-power photomicrography, as what determines To which species does this image or that belong, is another question: Was the enlargement done on one stage using one optical group, or was it in two stages using two optical groups? Regardless of the transportation scale.

Second opinion:

This opinion came in what was published by Kodak (1), and it differentiates between photo-maker and graphic and between photo-micrography, that the latter case is in which the microscope is used, while the first case is in which photography is done with one optical group (one lens) and the distance between the largest Double the focal length of the lens, i.e. the case in which the image length is greater than the body length, provided that the transmission scale (i.e. the ratio between the image length to the body length) does not exceed 40:1, according to their opinion.

This opinion is also confirmed by what was published by the Linhof factories, except for a difference in the name, as you see that they have expressed “photomacrography” by another name, “macro-photography”.

Third opinion:

This opinion came in the Circle of Encyclopedias of Photography (3), where he wrote that macro photography is the process of obtaining photographic images in which the length of the image of the object is greater than the length of the object itself, using the usual lenses in cameras. This may be by using a camera with a very long bellows or by using a large camera (such as 18 x 24 cm) and using a very short focal length original lens. The cunning and photographic ends, where the photomicrography begins, when we do not increase the enlargement of the image relative to the original by about ten times.
(ie, the transmission scale is 10: 1 at most).

Close up photography is also mentioned in this reference (the Circle of Encyclopedias of Photographic Photography) as a definition of close up photography as the case in which objects close to the lens of the camera are photographed, so that they cannot be photographed except by a machine with double or triple bellows or by means of lenses. Additional or by using extension tubes. Thus, we see that this reference did not set boundaries between macrophotography and close-up photography, but only specified the beginning of close-up photography and the end of macro photography.

The fourth opinion: This opinion came from (2) Dr. Roy Allen who says that photomaker and graphy is one of the subdivisions under photomicrography. However, he agrees with the previous opinion when he said, “Macrography photography reaches its limits when the degree of magnification does not exceed ten times in any way.” Dr. Alan mentioned that the word Photo-Macro-graphy contains the middle syllable Macro, which means the word long (Macros) in the Greek language. Accordingly, the term Photomacrography means those pictures in which the image is enlarged relative to the original several times only (not more than ten times, according to his opinion).