​​أبيض وأسود ١_a .. كتاب فن التحميض والطبع والتكبير

Chapter one

black and white

In this chapter we will mention everything related to black and white images. So we start with the development of the films, then the method of making the contact print or the rehearsal print, then the enlargement, then the development of the sensitive paper, and finally preparing the image for viewing.

First: Developing black and white films:

This is done with the following steps.

1- Preparation: a- Prepare the revealing, stopping and fixing solutions

B - Prepare the acidification tray and the timer or the clock. Check the temperature of the solutions.

D - In complete darkness, fill the film in the development tray and close it

the can.

B - Marking Pour the developer solution into the developer tray B - Turn on the timer

Swirl the solution into the can

D - When the time expires, empty the container of the show solution.

3- The suspension: a- Pour the suspension or washing solution into the acidification tray.

B - Run the timer

C - About the solution inside the can

D - At the end of the time, empty the can of the suspension solution
.

. B - Run the timer

- Fixation: a - Pour the fixing solution into the acidification tray.

Stir the solution

D - When the time is up, empty the container of the fixing solution

E- Washing: A- Wash the film according to the specified time. B- Add a gelling agent, if any, at the end of washing

6- Drying: a- Hang the film in a dry place without dust. b - Wipe off the film with a film wiper or a soft sponge

both sides

c - Leave the film to dry

7- Preserving the film: A- Cut the film into parts B- Put each part in a plastic paper bag

private

Notes on the development of black and white films.

Preparation:

Reader A - We mentioned above the method of preparing the display solution and its types. Here we mention the importance of choosing the type of display solution that you want. Would you like the normal type, the high contrast type, or the low contrast grained type?

very accurate?

And you should think about the final result that you want to reach even before buying the film. It is stupid to buy a very fast film, ISO 4005 or more, and expose it on this basis in the camera, and then acidify it in a show solution with very fine grains. Because the fast film has large granules, and the appearance of fine grains reduces the speed of the film. As for what is reasonable, it is to buy a small-grained film
slow) and we expose it by opening the camera’s pupil an extra aperture, then we acidify it in a solution to show fine grains, and thus you get really fine grains and an exact exposure. As for the stopping solution, many photographers do not use it and pour the exposure solution 15-30 seconds before the end of the time and use plain water for washing. Some photographers, especially in commercial laboratories, do not use solutions to increase the hardness of gelatin as a matter of saving expenses. Easy to scratch, which affects the image when enlarging. As for the fixation solution, ensure the validity of the solution and dispose of it if it is exhausted or cloudy, such as milk

Note that this is done while the solutions are warm, and it is noted that the solutions that were previously used must be filtered before using again to get rid of any sediment in them, so that some of its components do not crystallize, and thus the composition of the solution changes.

B- Preparing the developing tank and the timer by making sure that the container is completely clean and dry. Because the presence of any wetness in the spiral spool will disrupt the entry of the film into the spiral, or lead to wrinkling and damage to the film. To facilitate the passage of the film, you can pass the point of a pencil on the sides of the snail in the passages through which the edges of the film will pass. Each development tray has a special method for installing the film. Read the instructions attached to the box well, or ask the seller about the correct way to put the film. Before you venture to develop a film inside this box, practice well installing an old film on the spiral reel in the light first, then in the dark, and when you master that, you can develop the films.

And make sure that the timer works well, and in the absence of a timer, you can use a wrist watch with a second hand, and in the absence of a developing tray, you can use basins for developing the film, and in this case prepare the solutions inside these basins.

C - Check the temperature of the solutions:

The temperature of the solutions must be controlled, especially the exposure solution, whose temperature must be 520 °C for the development of black and white films. The temperature of the solutions can be controlled by placing the solution bottles and the acidifying tray in a water basin that has the required temperature. You can control the temperature of the basin water in which the bottles and acidifying tray are placed by opening the hot or cold water tap, or by placing pieces of ice or some boiling water until the temperature reaches to the required degree. The used thermometer must be accurate and a type dedicated to acidification operations is preferred.

The temperature of the other solutions should not differ from the temperature of the display solution by more than 5°C so that the sensitive surface of the film does not wrinkle. The same applies to the washing water.

4- Filling the film in a developing tray:

We mentioned the necessity of training on filling the box with film. And now we come to packing the film in the box, which must be in complete darkness without the light of safety, and that is either in a bag or a change bag or in a dark room.

Put everything you need in front of you so that you can easily find it in the dark. For 35 mm films, the film is taken out by removing the side cover with a soda bottle opener, or by lifting the edge of the cover with a coin, or by pressing the protruding part of the inner roller. Cut off the film. With scissors, its edges are trimmed, then it is installed on the galvanized pulley of the acidification tray. When the film is finished entering the reel, we separate the end of the film from its cylinder with scissors. For films of size 120, we remove the sticky paper and undo the paper backing of the film until we reach the beginning of the film. Hold the end of the film and unroll the reel