حجرة مظلمة لتحميض الأفلام وطبع وتكبير الأوراق الحساسة الأبيض وأسود ١-a

Third: a dark room for developing films and printing and enlarging sensitive papers black and white

In addition to the aforementioned hardware and tools, you will need hardware

Others, especially an enlarger. This device is usually the most expensive device in the dark room, and before purchasing a magnifier, you must specify exactly your answer to the questions mentioned at the beginning of the section.
Enlarger

L

The magnifier or the enlargement device is nothing but a reverse camera. It has a lens whose focal length must be adjusted to give a sharp image on the base of the magnifier. The lens has openings to control the amount of light that falls on sensitive paper. There are many types of magnifiers, and we will confine ourselves to mentioning the types currently available, especially for film sizes 35 120 mm or less. The magnifier consists of a wooden or metal base on which a metal column is mounted. The rest of the parts of the enlarger, which are called the enlarger head, move up and down on this column. The head of the amplifier consists of: From that..

A - The light house or the light house: in it we find the source of the lighting, which may be a frosted glass bulb with a tungsten filament, or a lamp such as a projector lamp made of quartz-halogen. There may be a sheet of white or frosted glass to disperse the light, and usually a lighting house that contains a light diffuser is preferred to enlarge colored images because it hides the subtle defects that are difficult to make retouches. The type with a condenser without a light diffuser is preferred to enlarge black and white because it is sharper and gives more contrast, but it is defective in the appearance of any dust or scratches on the negative. (It is noted that the silver granules in the black and white negative disperse the light more than the colored granules in the colored negatives). Condenser Condenser: This function is to intensify the light received from the lighting house. The condenser may consist of one lens or two lenses. Note that we need a different capacitor for each film size. When buying, you must make sure that the glass from which the condenser is made is white and not yellowish or greenish, as is the case in some old magnifiers, so that you can use the magnifier to enlarge colored images.
Filter drawer:

This tray is usually located above the condenser. It contains a heat filter to protect the condenser and the negative from the heat of the amplifier bulb. Colored filters can be placed in it if color amplification is desired.

d Negative carrier:

And between the lens and there, and this is the part where the film is placed between the condenser. Types: A glass type where the film is placed between two panes of glass. The advantage of this type is that the cape is completely flat. Its defect is that there are four new surfaces that need to be cleaned, and dust may accumulate on them. The second defect is that colored halos may appear on the image called Newton's Rings as a result of the interference of waves.
Put the filters into the filters tray

Place the negative holder into the enlarger

Optical (such as what we see in an oil slick floating on the water). In general, this type is preferred in cases of large negatives 6 x 6 or larger. But try to get anti-Newton glasses.

The second type does not contain glass, and this type is better for small negatives (35 mm or less) and is flawed by the possibility of curvature of the film due to the heat of the magnifier, which may make the image blunt. So always try to make the exposure between 10-20 seconds only .