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Fourth: Special effects filters

This is a big chapter and new ones are constantly being found in it. These are the filters that advanced amateurs use as they give strange and eye-catching effects
We will review them in some detail, although I suggest to the honorable reader to obtain the publications and catalogs issued by the producers of these filters, in which there is an explanation and definition of the different types, which may not be possible here to explain all of them.

Color filters (the same as the filters used for black and white films): These filters can be used with color films to give special effects, as they give the film an intense color tinge. For example, a blue filter can be used while decreasing the exposure time during daytime photography to give the effect of shooting in moonlight. A yellow filter can be used when photographing scenes of falling leaves to increase the richness of the yellow color in the image, and so on as your imagination commands

Diffusers: These filters have a white light cloud to give the images a dreamy tinge. It is often used with pictures of women or some landscapes. A more powerful type called fog filter can be used, which gives, as its name indicates, the effect of fog in the scene. In some of these filters, there is a completely clear part in the middle, so that the center of the image is completely normal, and the dreamy effect is in the periphery. Such a filter is called (Centre spot), and these filters do not need an increase in exposure. The effect of these filters decreases as the pupillary opening narrows. Therefore to get stronger

The effect is favored by using the widest possible aperture

Star filters: These filters give the shape of a star to any point light source (that is, its size is as small as a point. As for the wide light sources, it works with it as a diffusing filter for the light. The shape varies
The star depends on the candidate, some of them are given a four-, six- or eight-star, etc.

This filter can be replaced by placing a piece of wire netting) to prevent mosquitoes in front of the lens, as it will give a similar effect, and the effect is stronger and the star is larger the wider the pupil of the lens. And this . Filters do not need to be overexposed.

Diffraction grating iris filters: These filters decompose the light into the colors of the rainbow. Every point of light in the scene to be photographed gives all the colors of the spectrum. There are several types, some of which are given a colored ring, some of them are given a star, and some of them are given a colored line. These filters do not need to be overexposed

Its use with these publications is multi-image prisms: These publications are of several types, some of which give two, three or more images. These prisms may be adjacent to each other on a straight line or in the form of a ring, to give multiple adjacent images or in a circular shape. And the best lens can be the standard lens. The wider the pupil opening, the more the images slip together and mix, and the narrower the pupil, the more each image becomes independent of the other. The best result is if the image is not too detailed and the background is straight. These publications do not need to be overexposed. .

Graduated filters: These filters have a third of a certain color, then this color gradually diminishes in the middle third, then the last third becomes completely clear. It is usually found in several colors such as grey, blue, maroon, pink, green and yellow. There are two intensities of each color, standing and light
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Cokin Square Filter System

The grayscale filter is used to adjust the contrast in the image. For example, if the background is bright and the foreground of the image is standing, we get an image with faded colors in the background or with very existing colors in the foreground. But by using the graduated filter so that the gray part is in front of the light part of the view, we get an image that is acceptable in contrast. 2e (a) The exposure is measured from the dark part of the scene automatically.

Exposure is measured as follows:

(B) The filter is installed so that the dark part of the filter is in front of the bright area in the scene. (C) Photographing is done according to the previous measurement, i.e. manually, not
The measurement is not done through the filter, otherwise it will give an incorrect reading. Therefore, it is preferable to use it with a camera that has the possibility of manual adjustment.

As for other colors, they are used to give special effects. For example, if the sky is gray and unexciting, we can make it blue using the blue gradient filter. We can also give a sunset effect using a maroon or pink gradient filter. Exposure is measured in the same way as mentioned above.

It is preferable to buy the type that can be managed for the lens. Where the existing part of the filter is located. Until we control

This is a group of three primary color or pop filters, a group of three red, blue, and green filters. Filming is done through them one after the other, while the camera is well fixed on a stand. And the photography is on the same negative

Since we know that white light can be composed of these three colors, we will find that all objects that did not move during the triple exposure period appear in their natural colors. As for the objects that moved, they appear in the color of the filter that was present on the lens at the time of their appearance in front of the camera.

The exposure calculation for these filters is as follows:

(a) Pre-exposure without a filter (ex. FA), velocity. (B) Decrease the exposure value by one aperture or speed (for example, it becomes 5.6, ) or (, ). (C) Each filter was installed in turn, and three images were photographed with the previous exposure on the same negative.
These filters are not suitable for a camera that does not have the ability to shoot multiple images on a single negative

Lenses for close-up photography: previously recognized in

Lens separation.

. Split-field lens: This is half a lens and the other half is plain or empty glass. This filter is used to see something near and another far away in the same shot, so that the two things are sharp at the same time

How to use this filter is as follows:

(a) Adjust the distance: the distant thing. on

(b) Install the filter so that the lens is on the same side as the near object.

(C) Close the camera until the near thing becomes sharp, then take pictures.. 1 Other additions in front of the lens: such as a curtain to expose only half of the negative, and with it we can photograph the same person on the negative twice, and there are many more than that