آلة التصوير أو الكاميرا ٢-a .. كتاب التصوير علم وفن

13 - Speed ​​of work: Some subjects require a camera with a fast working speed, such as photographing sports, parties, insects and animals, and in order for the camera to work quickly, it must be fast in adjusting the distance, fast in adjusting the exposure, and also fast in winding the film.

To get ready for the next shot:

(a) Distance adjustment speed:

1 - There are cameras that do not have aids to set the distance, and the distance is measured by looking or using an external rangefinder, and this is

slow

There are cameras that have a rangefinder attached to the distance ring, and this is faster. .

- There are cameras that have a rangefinder connected to the distance ring, and it gives a signal when the distance is set and the subject is in focus completely, and this is faster.

There are cameras that automatically adjust the distance, and this is the fastest. There are many types of them in cameras (mm), and there are currently some types of cameras (Aw) such as Minolta

maxxum

(b) Exposure setting speed:

A - There are cameras that do not contain a built-in exposure meter, and these need to transfer the exposure from an external meter to the pupillary ring.

Shutter speeds are very slow. .

There are cameras that contain a built-in exposure meter, but it is not connected, which creates pupil openings and shutter speeds, so they are very slow, like the previous ones.

-r There are cameras that contain a built-in exposure meter that is connected to the settings for speeds and apertures, and the photographer has to adjust the exposure indicator between the two signs ()) and ( ) and this type is called manual adjustment.

There are types that adjust the exposure automatically, and they are of several types: (a) A type in which the photographer adjusts the shutter speed, and the camera adjusts the appropriate pupillary aperture. This is called aperture-preferred automatic. exposure

(b) A type in which the photographer adjusts the shutter speed and the camera adjusts the appropriate pupillary aperture. This is called auto exposure. Shutter speed advantage: with

. Shutter-preferred automatic exposure

(c) There is a type that adjusts the pupillary aperture and shutter speed according to a program placed in an electronic computer found in the camera, and this is called programmed exposure.

(d) There are types that contain some or all of the previous four types, and they are called multiple automatic ones, and these last types are undoubtedly faster and are found in

cameras (mm), (f).
No (e) There is a last type that measures the light on the film, and thus the photographer needs special measurements when using the flash, and thus it is faster. This type is found in some cameras

(p and p).

(c) Film winding speed and image transfer:

1- There are cameras in which the film is wrapped using this film winding ring

slow . 2- There are cameras in which the film is wrapped using the film winding arm, and this is faster.

3- There are cameras that have a motor to wind the film, or a motor can be installed on it to wind the film, and this is faster, and there are most of the latter types in

Cameras (p and p).

14- Noise level: Some cameras emit loud noises, especially most cameras that are equipped with a focal plane shutter, such as (p) and (p) cameras. The least noise is those that are equipped with a pupillary shutter, like most (mm) cameras. This feature is required in some cases, such as the theater and the court square, so as not to disturb. .

15 - Sharpness of the image: The larger the size of the negative, the more we can get a larger enlargement with sharp details. In this regard, the studio cameras (with large negatives) cannot be matched. The less negative size you can get. A reasonable picture of it is a 35 film.

16- Shooting sequence: Some subjects need shooting sequences. This feature is found in cameras that can operate with up to a motor
E frames per second with some cameras (p) and p) size 35. There is a special camera for continuous shooting of up to 65 frames per second, like a camera

Hulker.

17- Measuring the flash light from the surface of the film during exposure: Olympus invented a system for measuring the light passing through the lens from the surface of the film during camera shooting (Aw).

Olympus OM2.

This system allows flash light measurement as well. When the film gets enough light, the flash and the camera shutter are turned off. This method is very useful as any additions to the lens such as extension tubes, extension bellows, telephoto lenses, etc. are taken into account automatically without complicated calculations. Some companies have quickly adopted this system in some of their cameras, such as Haminolta. Nikon. and Yashika,” as in Contax cameras produced by the latter.

1- The ability to shoot several shots on the same negative: This feature is useful in photographic tricks and some types of creative and scientific photography. And some cameras are equipped with this feature whereby the shutter is populated without moving the film by means of a special button. Most of this possibility exists in very old cameras and some modern cameras (P and P) such as Canon Al.

19- The ability to install a box for underwater photography: Some types of cameras, especially some of the well-known brands, can install a special plastic box that allows them to shoot underwater.

Now that we have identified the required specifications in the camera, we review together the types of cameras to determine the type of camera or cameras that have these specifications.