فن التصوير .. المبادئ والمنهاج - ٢ - الكاميرا والعدسة ماذا نحتاج لصنع صورة فوتوغرافية

**Ali Abbass** · 03-20-2023, 09:37 PM

art of photography . . Principles and curriculum, the second lesson. Camera and lens What do we need to make a photograph

Before entering the technical details of the camera from the inside and outside, we must quickly review the components of photographic production from both the theoretical and practical points of view. If the camera with accessories and lenses are the applied components, then what are the theoretical components?
We start first with the question of choice.
1- Before proceeding with the capture stage, you, my reader friend, must make a prior decision regarding the character and information that you want your image to express, and then choose the elements that will achieve your goal.
2 - In the next stage, after selection, comes the content, and with it a decision must be made on how to arrange the relevant objects as you see through the viewfinder, in order to produce the image that you previously imagined in your mind.
3- Lighting is the third point. It differs between studio and outdoor photography. In the first field, lighting can be controlled artificially. And in the second field. In terms of natural light, this is done by changing the location - the location of the camera or the subject - or by using filters or waiting for the lighting conditions to change, or even by adding artificial light.
4- Camera controls Another issue that can be controlled to produce the required image, and there are three main controls for that: aperture, f, or what is called the focal stop, shutter speed and focus. E - The moment of capture, or the process of pressing the shutter button, despite its simplicity, makes the difference between a successful photo. Others are thrown in the trash.
6- Endorsement, or producing a negative that reproduces the entire color gradient field in the subject.
7- The imprinting stage, where the negative is used to make an impression by means of an enlarger or contact.
8- Finally, the issue of presenting the image in an orderly manner and in the most effective way is the second.

- Camera
The camera is the basic tool for the work of the photographer, and from here we have to study its use to achieve different goals, and the camera is considered a relatively new tool, because it was not known a hundred years ago, knowing that it was discovered about a hundred and fifty years ago in principle. Before this date, oil paintings were the only means To know the faces of some personalities of previous centuries, of whom there are no photographs from their eras.

Thus, the true images of the years before the invention of the photographic machine will remain unknown. As for what we see of pictures of these people sometimes, it goes back to painters or sculptors. As for real pictures of ordinary people, they were not available and preserved until after the invention of the camera. From here, the camera can be considered a democratic machine.
It can be said that the Western world learned about photography in 1839 by Daguerre in the French capital, Paris. And with the end of the American Civil War, that is, in the sixties of the nineteenth century - a quarter of a century after Daguerre's camera - it provided people with a complete photographic archive of major events and well-known personalities in that history.
Thus, photography has become a vital part of the features of the civilized world.

Camera history
It is possible to review the history of the camera in a brief and simplified way by addressing the countries that contributed to every step of its development.
As we mentioned, the beginning was with the French Daguerre, and this means that basic chemistry arose at the hands of the French, and Daguerre had started using ideas previously developed by his compatriot Nice.

And with the beginning of the 1890s, the American George Eastman - founder of the Eastman Kodak Company - entered the camera world, seeking to deliver this machine to ordinary people through wide distribution and production.

The Germans came after the Americans with the greatest engineering quality, with cameras such as Leica and Roliflex. These two cameras have been in the hands of people since 1920.

The Japanese introduced electronic technology to the world of photography starting in the fifties, when they used electronic brains, through which they were able to design lenses and optics of high and exceptional quality, crossing the boundaries with single-lens reflex cameras (SLR) 35 mm, this structure that occupies the first place today among the various The widespread structures, in addition to their creation of a highly sensitive expression system through the lens (TTL) and automatic optical expression systems, which today have become a common and common issue in all cameras.

And if in our review we stop at Japan, we do not deny the contributions of other countries in technology
Photographic, but we are satisfied with the basic progress steps within the idea of a general and brief.

Some people think of the camera as a machine. Including complex operations that derive their importance from their complexities, noting that they are basically very simple and the extent of their simplicity can be known by identifying their basic parts.

The main parts of a camera
You don't need a complicated camera and lens to produce a photograph. The fact is that you do not need a lens at all. The simplest camera is the pinhole camera (*), which consists of the following: 1- An attic that prevents the entry of light.
2 - A pin hole opening that allows light to enter through one of the walls of the attic.
3- A film slide attached to the wall opposite the pin hole.
As for today's complex ornate cameras, they are just an elaborate development of the simple pinhole camera. These cameras contain mechanisms that focus the light, adjust its duration and intensity, and move the film, etc. However, they are basically like a pin camera, which is light-proof boxes that allow only a certain light to shine on the film. .
Put your camera in your hands now, and while reviewing its basic components, study this camera of yours to make sure you understand these components.

**Ali Abbass** · 03-20-2023, 09:40 PM

- What's the camera
1- A box that prevents the entry of light This is the camera, it is a box that prevents the leakage of the desired light from entering it, and it has an opening that allows the entry of the desired light.

2- The lens is the optical glass that collects the light rays that enter from the front and focuses these rays to make a clearly defined image on the film.
Simple lenses are made of one curved piece of glass or plastic. As for the more complex lenses, they consist of two or more pieces of optical glass, known as lens elements, which are combined with each other within an integrated unit.

3- Film is a material that senses light and permanently records the image after it is treated with certain chemical compounds
4 - Viewfinder The mission of the viewfinder is to display what the image will include, and this is how it helps the photographer to adjust his frame and the content of his image. prismatic.

E - Adjust the focus: Simple cameras are usually characterized by a fixed focus - that is, there is no distance adjustment - as everything that exceeds a certain distance will be in focus, and everything closer will be
out of focus.
We recommend that you use a camera that has focus adjustment that allows you to focus on subjects at varying distances.
6- Shutter: The shutter is a mechanical means that sets the time range in which light is allowed to enter the camera through the lens and fall on the film. Your camera should be distinguished by the field of choosing time periods.

7- The shutter releaser, it is the button that operates the shutter.

8 - lens aperture. The diaphragm, or the diaphragm. . It works to adjust the amount of light that reaches the film, by changing the aperture scale, and the diaphragm consists of a class, the pupil. * Made of a series of metallic foils that overlap each other leaving a variable circular aperture in the middle. This aperture can be made larger or smaller to increase or decrease the amount of light that passes through the lens to aperture the film.
It should be noted here that changing the aperture of the lens does not change the scale of the image that falls on the film. All that matters is that it changes the amount of light that passes through the lens and is focused on the film.
This aperture scale is known as the aperture and is expressed as the f-stop (0), which we will discuss shortly.

9 - Film Advancement: This is a specific mechanism by moving the film within the camera so that the exposure can be made on one frame after another in succession in the language of film.
Some cameras use individual film slides for each image.
Press cameras, binoculars, and studios use film packages (*) or slide-film carriers, and we will discuss the two types later.
What we have mentioned here are the basic parts of most cameras, and we will review each of them in more detail later.

Types of cameras
While all cameras include the main parts that we mentioned. These parts can be designed in different ways, which leads to different camera classes.

The main types of cameras are:

(1) Camera 110 - Disk Camera:
These cameras today are equivalent to the Brownie box camera, and are designed for the amateur market. It usually allows only a little control over exposure and focus, and it also includes optics of modest quality and gives negatives of small scale. It should be noted that the 110 camera uses a roll of film inside a plastic cartridge called a cassette. As for the disc camera, it is the latest innovation from Kodak concerned with the amateur market. Instead of using a roll of film, it uses a cake-like film strip and produces 15 small rectangular negatives on the edge of the strip.

(2) A 35 mm field-of-field camera.
It works with a 35 mm film inside a metal or plastic cassette, and allows a wide range of selection of shutter speeds and lens apertures. It can also be focused for different distances. The lenses are often changeable, and the focus is done by a device called a field selector (*).
This is the camera that made Leica so popular. Surprisingly, the first model of this Leica camera dates back to 1913. And very similar to the modern version, the Leica M5.

(3) A 35 mm single-lens reflex camera (SLR).
Similar to a 35mm field-view camera, this structure contains a complex optical system that uses a prismatic lens and a mirror.
Which allows viewing and focusing directly through the lens.
This 35mm (SLR) camera is the most popular camera architecture today.

(4) 2 1/4 single-lens reflex (SLR). These larger SLR cameras are similar to the 35mm single lens reflex camera.
Typically working with a roll of 120 film produced square negatives 1/4 inch wide, the Hasselblad model was
1/4 2 is what the American astronauts used on the moon.

(5) Two-lens reflex (TLR).
This camera includes two lenses, the upper one for viewing and focusing, and the lower one for taking a picture. As for the film, it is a 120-roll film that usually produces negatives
1/4 2 x 1/4 2 .
In the 1930s and 1940s the Rolliflex was a favorite of many professionals and the Mamiya C330 model is one of the few surviving copies of the TLR.

(6) A press camera.
This camera, which was the mainstay of photojournalists at one time, traditionally works on the use of film cut into flat individual pieces, called slide film, and the dimensions vary between 1/4 2 x 1/4 3 and 4 x 5. As for the focus, it is
With a range finder and on the back of a grained glass.
As for the classic press camera of the forties, it was. Speed Graphic, and one of the remaining versions of this build is the Camera-Rapid Omega 100, which uses 120 roll film to produce a negative
1/4 2 x 1/4 2 .

(7) View camera.
These view cameras are usually used for shooting in the studio or for taking detailed and very large shots of industrial or architectural sites, such as the Model F 4 x 5. It uses slide film with dimensions such as 4 x 5, 5 x 7, or 8 x 10, and is designed to be used on tripods.

(8) Instant Edition Camera.
These are the cameras that I created. Polaroid, and available at Kodak. Now, it uses a special film that is developed automatically when it is pulled or thrown from the camera.
This, and there are special Polaroid backs as well that connect with regular cameras like Hasselblad, making them able to take instant photos.

These are the basic items of the camera. We will soon study each of them in more detail.

- What camera do you need for this seminar...
We can almost say that whatever camera you own will do the trick. We recommend that you, if this is possible, use a camera in which you can set the aperture, shutter speed and focus. As for other than these matters, choosing the camera is up to you and do not worry if it is not your camera. The most expensive or newest on the market.
You are the most important, you are the one who trains you. And you are the one who will make the pictures, as the quality of the camera depends on the quality of your work.

An example of what we are saying is that you look at the pictures published on these pages, all of which were taken with ordinary cameras.
This proves that it is the photographer who reckons with his account, not the camera.
Yes, you can move later towards buying more complex and more expensive equipment, but do not do this now. You must first work on developing your skill and style after that. You can spend the money you have earned with your effort and hard work on exciting pieces if that is what you want.

- Next lesson Camera and lens functions and lens technique

فن التصوير .. المبادئ والمنهاج - ٢ - الكاميرا والعدسة ماذا نحتاج لصنع صورة فوتوغرافية

فن التصوير .. المبادئ والمنهاج - ٢ - الكاميرا والعدسة ماذا نحتاج لصنع صورة فوتوغرافية

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