أمحوتب .. كتاب مائة أوائل من تراثنا ، الكاتب عبد الهادي حرصوني

Around 3000 BC

There is no doubt that the most famous architects of Pharaonic Egypt are Imhotep, Marty Sinmut, and Ykenkhonsu, thanks to whom most of the well-known and timeless buildings were constructed, including pyramids, mills, temples, and palaces. Among them, Imhotep is considered the pioneer in the field of engineering, and perhaps he is the first engineer known historically, regardless of the debate about the primacy of Egyptian civilization over the civilization of Mesopotamia, or vice versa, because we did not receive the names of engineers from Mesopotamia as we did from Egypt, although the production The architects of Mesopotamia were no less great and immortal. The memory of Imhotep was associated with Pharaoh Djoser, who is considered the head of the third dynasty of the pharaohs of the Old Kingdom in the third millennium BC, and who was famous for three important cultural manifestations behind which Imhotep was: a group of Saqqara buildings, the idea of ​​​​creating the solar calendar, and the story of famine attributed to the era of Djoser. It is known about Djoser that he ruled for twenty years between the years (2780-2760) BC, according to the Turin Papyrus and 29 years according to the lists of Manetho.
If Imhotep or (Imotis) lived in the confines of Djoser, who was assigned many jobs, and we have received from his titles evidence that he was “trustee of the seals of Lower Egypt” and “subsequent to the king, or “the first with the king, that is, the dear of Egypt” and “overlooking the The High Palace, i.e. the palace of Pharaoh, “engineer” and (recorder of the annals) and (chief of the hypocrites), which is a distinguished title for the high priests of the city of Ain Shams, which has ancient intellectual fame. As it came in a record recorded by one of the distant descendants of our engineer, who described him as “the minister”, and that he “ Director of public facilities in Upper Egypt and the Delta, and a great priest who recited, and it was mentioned that his father's name was (Kanfro) and his mother's name was "Ankh Khurdu".

Kanfro was also an engineer, and his family continued to inherit this profession for twenty-five generations. The name of Imhotep was associated with engineering, science, medicine and soothsaying. , so it was

I got attached to it. In engineering: Imhotep's achievements are considered the beginning of a stage in history, whether in terms of using stones for the first time in construction, or in terms of building pyramids or constructing huge buildings, until it was said that there was no building engineering, before Imhotep. The buildings were built with bricks, and the use of stone was included in the construction, but its use was restricted to filling large voids, and without trimming or arranging, except that Imhotep cut the stones in the form of bricks. In a parallelogram. And he was the first to raise the great buildings with cut stones, while using the vegetal decorating arts that were known in his time, so he took
It was built by Imhotep in the form of columns formed from bundles of palm fronds and curvature in the middle and their upper and lower ties and their capitals at the top, so its stone column imitated this shape, and this style remains for thousands of years, as well as in terms of the ceiling, walls, doors and other parts of the building, as it imitated the old building style. The most important of Imhotep's construction achievements is the tomb of King Zumer and its dependencies in the Saqqara region, which is close to the capital of Egypt at that time, and it is (Memphis), whose name was originally (The White Castle) and (Memphis) was taken from the abbreviation of the name of a boat for a neighborhood in which the court of Pepi I was now located near the village of Mitt. hostage), and the area of ​​the architectural complex amounted to 251,000 square meters, surrounded by a huge wall ten meters high, and some of them were six meters thick, covered with smooth white limestone and incorporating the same long vertical inlays that appeared before his era in brick architecture, thus reducing the period of integrity It allows the succession of lights and shadows in it between the sides and surfaces, and reduces the intensity of the sun's rays reflecting on the surface of the polished white wall.

The group includes six secular and religious buildings, in addition to the pyramid and the wall. The main entrance begins with a large gate that opens to a large roofed hall that ends with a hall overlooking the pyramid’s courtyard. The names of the gods were taken and the courtyard was topped by a stone platform one meter high. Two stairs ascended to it, the first leading to a canopy containing the throne of Upper Egypt, and the other leading to a canopy containing the throne of the Delta. In the foreground of the booths (two statues of the pharaoh). Around the Eid building is a small building
Bedar was dedicated to the Pharaoh to change his clothes during the performance of the rituals, then there is the Temple of the Clans, which is a huge building with many rooms. As for the Stepped Campus (which is considered the first pyramid), it inaugurated a historical era known as the era of the Pyramid Builders, and it was an introduction to the pyramids that you are after, and developed the idea of ​​the pyramids. He began building the pyramid by building the mastaba that was built over the tombs before him, but he used stone instead of bricks and then built two additions on it, and it became clear to him at the time that the building bears new additions that increase the height, and expresses the greatness and prosperity of the era of his king Djoser, so Imhotep continued to add to the aspects Its large stone mastaba has new side-slanting additions, each of which depends on the other and depends on the original mastaba, so the building increased its height at each addition, and this was done in three stages, which transformed the shape of the old mastaba into a stepped pyramid, which appeared in the form of six degrees in its total height Sixty meters long, 130 meters long, and 110 meters wide. The pyramid included the burial chamber.

In addition to the Saqqara pyramid group, there are remains of a temple built by Djoser with knowledge

Imhotep in Heliopolis The base of a statue of Imhotep was found in the pyramid of Saqqara. I also found a castle in the north (on the borders (known by his name and the Gate of Hotep). In the calendar: Imhotep bore the title of (the chief of those who look up to the sky), perhaps because he monitored the movements of the planets and stars as the chief astronomer, or by what means (the greatest aspirant to the Lord of the Sun, as he High Priest