عبد الملك بن مروان .. كتاب مائة أوائل من تراثنا ، الكاتب عبد الهادي حرصوني

Abdul Malik bin Marwan

65-86 5 / 685-705 AD]

After the death of Yazid bin Muawiyah (60-564 / 680-683 AD), his son Muawiyah II succeeded him, but for a short period, as he abdicated the throne, then died in mysterious circumstances. In the Levant, the division of the Umayyad house led to the intensification of the tribal conflict in the country between the Qais tribes and the Yemeni tribes in a manner that had no equivalent in the short past of Islam. Likewise, Zufar ibn al-Harith, the leader of the Kilab al-Qaisiyya tribes in the north of the Jazira, Qansreen, and Qarqisiya (Al-Basira, where the Khabur meets the Euphrates in present-day Syria) did. Thus, Ibn al-Zubayr’s position was very strong when al-Qaisiyyah joined him in the Levant, and this situation became more difficult when Iraq, Khorasan, and Egypt joined him, and thus Ibn al-Zubayr turned Quickly, from a rebel besieged in Mecca to a ruler whose authority is recognized by most of the regions of the Islamic world, with the exception of Damascus with the south of the Levant, where the tribes of Yemen are headed by the Kalb tribe under the leadership of Hassan bin Bahdal Al-Kali, uncle of Yazid bin Muawiyah.
ends. With his endeavor, Ibn al-Zubayr became in his hands the initiative in the Islamic world, and his battle against the Umayyads was about to be victorious, and its objectives were achieved, but his commitment to stay in Mecca and his refusal to come to Damascus, matters that occurred in the Levant, suddenly upset the balance of power, and turned it in favor of the Umayyads. The heads of the Yemeni tribes, and a number of the men of the Umayyad rule, who realized any danger to their interests and their political presence with the transfer of the caliphate from the Levant to the Hijaz, held a conference in Jabiya near Damascus, in which they addressed the issue of the caliphate and the division in the Umayyad house, where it was agreed to exclude Khalid bin Yazid bin Muawiyah al-Saghar His age, and the choice of Marwan ibn al-Hakam, the sheikh of the Umayyads, so he was pledged allegiance to the caliphate in al-Qa’dah 64 AH / 684 CE, and this directly resulted in a battle in Marj Rahat, in Ahwaz Damascus, between the Qais tribes and the Yemeni tribes. This battle settled the struggle over the caliphate, as Marwan ibn al-Hakam and his supporters from the Yamani party were victorious, and the supportive Qaysi party was defeated by Ibn al-Zubayr. Thus, the Umayyads retained the caliphate. But this caliphate moved to a new Umayyad branch, which is the Marwani branch, and this branch was able to consolidate matters, and restore the unity of the state and rule for a long period that extended until the fall of the Umayyad caliphate, and the credit for all of this goes to Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan, who is considered the second founder of the Umayyad caliphate

Rahat, Ibn al-Zubayr's success began to turn in the opposite direction. A campaign for him that he sent under the leadership of his brother Musab against the Levant eased, and Marwan ibn al-Hakam seized Egypt, and thus only Iraq and Hijaz remained for him. Marwan died in the year 65 AH / 685 CE, and was succeeded after his death by his son Abd. King, and after the Battle of Marj Ra
A number of problems settled matters for Abd al-Malik in the Levant, and here he began to prepare plans to restore Iraq and then the Hijaz.

The rule of Ibn al-Zubayr was suffering in Iraq from internal problems that resulted from the revolution of al-Mukhtar bin Abi Ubaid al-Thaqafi and the opposition of the Shiites, and this rule faced increasing problems in the Hijaz, Bani Hashem, the family of the Prophet of God, and with the Kharijites, and in the year 571 / 690 AD, Abd al-Malik completed his preparations for the invasion of Iraq Where he owned a strong army, how he contacted the chiefs of the tribes and the nobles of the Arabs in Kufa and Basra on his side, and so, as soon as he reached Iraq, he left with and won a number. Among them are most of the supporters of Musab bin Al-Zubayr on his behalf. An unequal battle broke out between Abd Al-Malik and Ibn Al-Zubayr, which ended with the death of Musab, and Abd Al-Malik entered Kufa, where delegations of tribes came to him to pledge allegiance to him and declare loyalty to him. Abd Al-Malik organized the affairs of Iraq, leaving his brother Bishr bin Marwan as governor there. He returned his steps towards the Levant, and in his mind the necessity of eliminating Abdullah bin Al-Zubayr, that obsession that disturbed the Umayyads and deprived them of the blessing of stability, so Abd Al-Malik thought for a long time about choosing the man who could be assigned to such a task, and after a long search he found what he needed in Al-Hajjaj bin Yusuf Al-Thaqafi In the year 725/691, al-Hajjaj's path towards the Hijaz, and after continuous efforts, he eliminated Ibn al-Zubayr and killed him, and thus the unity of the Islamic world has now returned, and Abd al-Malik is now in Damascus, assisted by al-Hajjaj in Iraq, Bishr bin Marwan in Iraq, and Abd al-Aziz bin Marwan in Egypt And soon after a human being died, then who was Abdul-Malik Al-Hajjaj in his place, and after that Abdul-Aziz died, and so the caliphate devolved to Abdul-Malik assisted by Al-Hajjaj, and Abdul-Malik left 9 - a hundred early Hijaz