الحفر أو الطباعة ٣ _ a , من كتاب تكنولوجيا التصوير , د.م محمد حماد

There are many artists in the field of research since about 1936.. Finally, some technological experts dealt with this research, so it became more flexible, expressive, and diverse in colors that allow multiple copies of editions, which resulted in lower prices in proportion to printing when compared to other types of arts.

And the printing process begins with a frame by stretching a fine mesh of silk (or artificial silk fabric or any suitable material) and then placed on the paper to prepare for printing. The beginner can work the drawing with a kind of varnish as a barrier to the ink or lacquer as a different material with the used printing material, and thus reserve the parts that are not intended to be printed. A special type of ink or color with a suitable consistency is passed over it, then it passes through the slots of the grid that have not been painted with varnish or lacquer and reaches the paper under the grid (Fig. (5). After printing is completed, the varnish can be removed with a solvent to use the silk that is stretched on the frame again for colors. or required fees

As a type of printing, one color can be printed on silk several times in the same simple way. It is also possible to specify the colors on the plate and print them one after the other, making sure that the previous color has dried. Because of the ease of the silk screen printing method, we find that many contemporary artists practice painting in this style after they Their production found remarkable success, and they found an expressive artistic medium in it. They cooperated in the large production to serve the largest number of art connoisseurs.

Figure (51) A view showing the parts that are covered with the insulating material in the design, on the basis of which it prevents color fading in parts of the drawing and allows it in other parts.
(Fig. (52) A view showing the printing table, the silk screen, the suspension columns, and the drawing control marks.

As for the method used to prepare huge quantities of copies for the market, it will be followed in its work by preparing a printing table consisting of a flat surface covered with felt, and it is usually several curtains long. Chaplons are equipped with frames that are usually made of musky wood. The silk is moistened and tightened tightly. The chaplons are in the number of colors of the design. The drawing is emptied by clearing each color separately on transparent chalk paper or sanded celluloid. The silky surface is improved by using sodium bichromate and gelatin. After that, the drawing is placed on the sensitive surface and exposed to high light for times that vary, of course, according to the design conditions and the type of material. The parts exposed to light are affected, and the component parts of the drawing that are dark on the coating are not affected. Chaplons are washed and the silky pores open. used

As for the printing method, the cloth, paper, or any other surface is placed flat on the printing table. Chablon is placed on it, and using a “kickel” compressor, the color will come down from the pores to settle on the desired surface. And by printing the rest of the colors in the same order that serves the original design, you will eventually get a copy of the original design. It is worth noting that each color group has a specific way, even in the way it is printed, such as dyes in fabrics, lacquers, printing inks on paper, glass, cloth, and so on.

Printing using Chaplons tires:

The different methods are divided into nearly twenty methods

Example one:
The silk is tightened with great care, then it is cleansed of the sweat and the oils attached to it during stretching, using a thinner or alcohol. The surface of the chablon is covered from the outside with a layer of duco using a special ruler with a triangular section in the shape of a right angle in a vertical direction with respect to the chablon with a slight inclination during the covering. The chablon begins with the talc powder, roughening the duco, to allow the delicate gelatin layer to adhere to it, and then shake the powder well.

Chablon is covered with a layer of sodium bichromate and sensitive gelatin in a dark room under a red light or a weaker one, provided that it is placed horizontally in this case and dried in a special cupboard at the same position.

The chabloon is exposed to light, whereby the previously requested drawing is placed verbally on the wall, bag, or kodatrace above the chabloon, provided that the drawing is well pressed between the glass plate that carries the drawing and the chabloon.

The stronger the light, the shorter the exposure time, and it is ultimately up to the direct experience. Therefore, fluorescent lights or electric arcs are used for illumination. After the imaging process, the lights are turned off, and the red light is relied upon to complete the process.

The chablon is washed with warm water at a temperature of 60 degrees C to remove the places that were not exposed to light, revealing the duco layer, and by using a little direct dye dissolved in warm water, the chabloon is washed in order to color the gelatin that is fixed on the duco. That is, the one that hardened from the effect of exposing it to light, and thus the drawing appears clear ».

The chabloon is left to dry well, and then placed horizontally. The process of lightening it is carried out by bringing a piece of cotton saturated with acetone. The painted places are opened from which the duco appears, as the acetone, which does not dissolve or affect the colored sensitive gelatin that was previously exposed to light, dissolves it. Thus, we get the drawing opened on the chablon, then the necessary frills are made, as it is finally ready for printing

As for the inks that are used in these types of printing, there are special colors for this type of printing, whether they are glossy or matte. It is possible to mix with oil colors a little bit of varnish to increase the gloss, or to use a siccate to increase the speed of its drying.. and the desired color can be installed from the set of colors, provided that the mixing is done on a slab of marble or thick glass, using an ordinary putty knife