الحفر أو الطباعة ١ _ a , من كتاب تكنولوجيا التصوير , د.م محمد حماد

9- Engraving or printing

General word:

The art of engraving L'incisione is the basis of the art of printing and is preferred today by many artists because it facilitates the making of many copies of their works, which helps in increasing their circulation and spreading artistic awareness among the people. This art was called the art of engraving, since the first idea began with engraving on wood, printing letters, so that printing would replace manuscripts in a cheap and simple way. This was followed by making drawings in the same way as engraving on wood in order to print them.. Then this method developed and became today an art in itself, and it has its own advantages that can be used in artistic works and in commercial printing works.. It also entered the industrial aspect to the extent that it affects the final production . Good craftsmanship in execution - on a high technical level - achieves the accurate drawing that appears after the completion of its printing in a wonderful image, as well as the spread and popularity among all classes of the people.

There are several types of gravure printing and they can be divided into three grades:

(a) Printing from engraved panels in relief. In it, the printing relies on areas that emerge from the cliché block or the engraved board, and the news sticks to it, which is transferred to the paper under pressure. These engraved blocks are made of cut or engraved wood (Fig. Views by means of the distribution of light and shadows, or by the Japanese printing method, or by the method of engraving on zinc

(B)

Printing by the method of deep engraving, and this method is similar to the shape of the seals, and the drawing is in recessed lines to the inside, so that its lines are filled with ink and the surface remains without inking, so the drawings appear in black color if the engraved block is pressed hard on the paper. This type includes engraving on metal, copper, or steel, acid etching on metals, aquatint, or needle etching on drypoint metal sheets, and others intaglio process mezzotint.
Figure (44) Wood carvings by photographer Der Ein

planographic process (d) printing from a flat surface (plane printing) in which the surface is flat and there is no difference between the metal surface for printing (the inked surface) and the general surface (the plate surface), and in which the surface prepared with a drawing for printing is chemically treated to retain the ink when the inkjet passes over it and transfers it under pressure to paper. This type includes lithographic printing, and this is often used for artistic printing, as well as on zinc and aluminum plates and other materials with widespread commercial uses, after what was originally used for printing on stones.

Serigraphs

And under the art of engraving, silk printing is also included, as well as the corresponding other methods of stencil printing, which is one of the methods used commercially and in many applied arts.. It is also used to express the caliphate arts in its various forms.

On the basis of time succession, the artistic printing processes have grown and have their own form according to the needs and contemporary artistic taste, as we shall see later. Some genres became popular for a period of time and later became outdated. And today we find that many

Imaging Technology -
From the printing processes, he was appreciated by artists and used in their works. And that all the methods that were used in the past are known today and can be followed and used easily.. Among the best of them are printing on stone, printing on wood and linoleum, engraving on metal, etc.

This art began to be known as a work of art in Egypt in 1932, when Professor Bernard Rice established the Engraving Department at the College of Fine Arts, and it was limited to one type of engraving. A group of Egyptian professors worked on it, namely Al-Hussein Fawzi, Abdullah Gohar, Kamal Amin, Hassanein Al-Jabali, and Maher Raef.

chiaro scuro It was first used as a non-expensive alternative to accurate photography (miniature), and it was also used in printing to replace Bedouin manuscripts with books. And printing on wood that depends on the effects of color to draw the shape on the basis of values, as evidenced by its name black and white or light and dark, so it is known in English as light dark and in Italian, and the first appearance of this type was as a less expensive alternative to drawings on cloth with color lines than what was produced The masters of the Renaissance... as was favored by the amateurs of that age. These works were popular in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries in particular in Italy and in northern Europe as well, and sometimes paintings were drawn and engraved in metal plates, which later developed into relief printing paintings (cliché).

A - Engraving on wood:

2- Japanese printing:

It also works by engraving on wood, and it was initially confined to a number of colors, and each color was engraved on a special piece or block board and printed using the Bedouin pressure method.

And this was a popular art from the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries in Japan, and it was mainly devoted to pictures of actors in their famous main roles.. and after that it was used in painting scenes. Engraving on wood was used in China to make multi-colored drawings, and this may have been from very ancient times.. Little is known about Chinese and Japanese printing. These genres continued to be produced in Japan, and their themes became more diverse. Her artistic styles also became more industrial ingenuity. But in general, the artistic qualities began to decline after that, by converting them into pictures to draw the alphabet. It is of a personal nature in its implementation.. Its designs and high decorative artistic style made it a well-known influence on Western art.
Through the flags of the Arab artists who practiced it, such as “Van Gogh » Vincent van Gogh and Gauguin » Gauguin and Wistar » Whistler

3 - Direct drilling on drypoint metal

This method of printing is carried out on metal surfaces that are engraved directly with a sharp machine. The Italians and Germans used it in the printing industry since the sixteenth century, and it moved to France since the eighteenth century and was used especially in drawing faces and people (Fig. And when it was used in printing, the drawings were executed on metal sheets (especially copper sheets) with a machine that had a triangular tooth and sharp as a chisel. With this machine, it is possible to engrave the fine recessed lines that are filled with ink when inking, and the moistened paper can absorb this ink if it is pressed on the metal plates, so it prints all the decorations and lines on it.

Fig. 45) A face drawn by the method of engraving by the artist Theodore Amann.