الموزايكو والفسيفساء ٢ _ a ، من كتاب تكنولوجيا التصوير , د.م محمد حماد

This floor is complete with an area of ​​about 15 meters (Fig. 41) and dates back to the fourth century AD. We see three stories on it.. The first is about the tragedy “Phaedra of the Imams”. She is seen sitting in her palace and she has sent a letter to her husband’s son offering him her sinful love, which the son rejected for safekeeping. In honor of his father.. but she did not expect a refusal.

And when his father came, she slandered the imams, and told her husband that his son had tempted her about herself. Joseph and the dear wife.

The second part of the drawings of this mosaic floor includes two myths: the first of them tells that the god Dio Nezus, the god of wine, was in his chariot drawn by two mythical animals known for a musical instrument, so he met them on the road, “Scritus, who listened to the music, so he stopped until the knees approached him.. And when they bequeathed him with wine, he drank until he got drunk and lost consciousness, so he took off his clothes and started dancing with a naked dancer.

As for the second legend of the second part, it tells that Hercules was walking with one of his followers, and he was met by the devil who wanted to tempt him with wine represented in a bunch of grapes and a cup, but he refused, and he was saved from the sin into which his predecessor, Skritos, fell. And the third part of the painting contains a text that tells that a person should stay away from

wine and women and works for the good of mankind so that he may live in peace

This has been found a lot of mosaic works since the third century in the Arab regions of North Africa .. As we see in the antiquities of Libya, Algeria and Tunisia (Fig. 42), as well as in West Asia in Palestine, Lebanon and Syria (Fig. (43).

In Rome, we find a lot of Mosaic works: since this city was the main center for wealthy gatherings in the Roman era, and they are connoisseurs of art and can spend money on artistic and aesthetic aspects. We have two types of mosaics. The first type is characterized by alabaster rugs used to cover the floors, and the second type is like glass rugs that cover the walls and arches. Mosaico considers the house of "Fauno" in Medina the most famous and greatest masterpiece of this art. The remnants of this house are in the Art Museum of Naples and its dimensions are 5.15 x 2.65 meters, and it represents the famous Battle of Ipsus that took place between Alexander and Darius.. This depiction is copied from Egyptian drawings Famous found in the city of Alexandria from the Greek era and transferred to the city of Rome

Thus, he was able from the mosaic, starting from the fourth century, to infest the walls of churches and the beautiful triumphal arches through its wide spread and the new artistic touches it distinguished. Here it is worth pointing out that in this expressive art, the strongest artistic expression was the need to move away from the traditional classical Mosaic forms. And we can see that clearly (i.e. moving away from classical art) in all
Figure (42) Wall mosaic from the ruins of Sousse, Tunisia.

Cavallini Torriti Rosuti from Rome and Ravenna, where we find shapes without prominence.. In their stability, they lose their enormity until they become mere symbols, as if everything did not depend on the classic dark blue color, but rather on a real golden color. In Mosaico, from the seventh century until the thirteenth century, with all the changes that took place, it reached its peak of prosperity in Rome with the emergence of the artists “Cavallini”, “Toretti”, “Rosutti” and the “Cosmati” family, and they were all excellent artists. The latter decorated many models of the floors and architectural units with wonderful mosaic work.

As for the city of Venice, the Mosaic art - due to its close and continuous connection with Byzantine art - had a long and great importance, to the extent that it was evident in many of the works that decorated many of the contracts and walls. Mosaic artists from Venice, Rome, worked in the sixteenth century on the papers of the artist, Raffaello, and in the nineteenth century Raffaello was established
The city of Rome is a lively art center and many Mosaic artists graduated from it

who invaded all of Europe. The art of mosaic has flourished in modern Egypt since the middle of the twentieth century, and many works worth mentioning have appeared.. Professor Hassan Al-Asar established his factory to make mosaic. One of his most beautiful works is a painting at Cairo Airport. Mr. Fathi Al-Alfi also worked on the Mosaico painting for the Kafr El-Sheikh Rest House. Likewise, Mr. Salah Abdel-Karim has many works, including a painting in the port of Alexandria and another in the Misr station. This was followed by many works in modern buildings and churches at the hands of young artists who restored Egypt to its ancient artistic glory in the field of mosaics.

How to implement Mosaico:

Small pieces of colored mosaic are collected according to their colors, and each color is placed in a special section of the small table that is used for this purpose. After that, Farah spreads out yellow paper (and usually uses the type known as Kraft).

Figure (43) Mosaic from the third century AD, Damascus National Museum.
Hot glue is also prepared in a tray with a brush. After defining the drawing and the colors on the surface of the paper, the artist tries to select a piece of mosaic that matches the color he specified on the surface of the painting, and paints its face (the face that will appear on the wall) with hot glue, then fixes the piece in its place on the paper. After completing the parts of the painting, he sees that the drawing is Has pictures of Mosaico pasted on paper.

This is with regard to small paintings. As for large surfaces, the painting is divided into several sections, and it is not recommended that each part of it exceed 50 x 50 cm 2 in order to facilitate its assembly next to each other in the place to be executed.

The work begins on the wall on which the mosaic is to be executed by preparing its surface by making a layer of cement whiteness, with a cement splatter that is left for at least 48 hours, then cement whiteness (cement and sand) is applied over it. When it is completely dry after about two weeks in normal weather, a thin layer of cement mortar is applied to it. White and marble powder in an equal proportion, and the sheets on which the mosaic is attached are fixed with the use of continuous light hammering on its surface to fix and work to enter the cement material between the seams. Then, water is placed on the surface with a sponge to wet the paper and make it easier to peel off or remove it. And if it was found that the voids between the mosaic pieces were not completely penetrated by the cement mortar, we find that work is needed to fill these voids with a diluted cement solution.

mosaic:

Although we call the word mosaic on the different types of mosaic, it also includes small pieces that are made of burnt clay covered with different glazed decorations and colors and are pasted on the walls in the same way that the mosaic is pasted.. as we see in the friezes on the walls of ancient mosques. As for the method of making it, that is by preparing faience tiles with the required geometric shapes from clay of different colors, such as yellow, blue, brown, and other colors... provided that these tiles fit the design set for decorating the walls of the building. After cutting these tiles, the phases that the faience fire goes through are carried out on them, by leaving them to dry and then burning the first fire .. Then they are covered after that with glazed paint according to the design plan, and then they are re-fired after that to be prepared for work in the friezes on the internal or external walls and so on. Similar business. And we must note in its manufacture that the clay used must be of the same type and composition, and at the same degree of humidity, so that its shrinkage degrees are equal, so that the pieces that it produces are equal.. especially in geometric shapes that must be accurate to a large extent. As for the other type of mosaic that is irregular or non-geometric in its divisions, it does not affect much if the shrinkage degrees differ. Stained glass dotted with lead.. Then these parts are burned and painted in the required colors, whether with transparent, opaque, or medium-transparent paint, or with golden paint.