الموزايكو والفسيفساء ١ _ a ، من كتاب تكنولوجيا التصوير , د.م محمد حماد

Mosaic and mosaic

The word Mosaico is usually applied to drawing by assembling pieces of inorganic matter next to each other, and it has been used as a metaphor in the field of photography and metric photography to express photographs taken from the air and gathered next to each other to determine a specific location.

Mosaic is a work of art that is considered as a kind of painting. It works with paintings by assembling small pieces of colored glass, or stones such as white, red, black and green marble, or shells, osmaldos, or porcelain of different colors, and these pieces are collected next to each other. And it is fixed with a mortar that works on its cohesion (and cement mortar is often used now). In this way, different formations or scenes can be photographed on the internal or external walls, and their surfaces are resistant to weather factors, so they do not affect them. The Arabs called the mosaic and the different squares that adorned the friezes on the walls of the ancient mosques the name of the mosaic.

Gino Piva The origin and history of this art has not yet been confirmed. In his book on tactical photography, Ginobefa says that it is certain that the art of mosaic is inherited and developed from the ancient arts in the Mediterranean region, such as Egypt, the Arab East, the Greeks and the Romans. Some tend to attribute the origin of the mosaic to some of the decorations that prehistoric man made in the Paleolithic era with pieces of bones, teeth, shells and beads in formations in the form of necklaces and ornaments that adorned the head.. It appears that after the death of the owner of these ornaments, his skull or It is decorated with the headdress that was usually represented in the funeral ceremonies of the tribe. And from New Guinea, we came to the oldest example of this kind that was found so far. I found skulls and coverings for faces decorated with rows of shells.

Mosaic origin:

There is no doubt that the mosaic was known in the Middle East and in Mesopotamia (which is Iraq today and it has developed through prehistoric times in which there are cones of black clay and some of them have painted their ends with color, so we find from the era of
Red or black.. Since the middle of the fourth millennium BC, red, black and white cones were found installed in burnt clay buildings, as well as types of bricks known after that, which were painted with glazed colors to cladd the walls. And in the mosaic coverings in the palaces and in the Ishtar Gate and others since the first millennium BC.

If we go back to the Egyptian civilization, we would find that the types of inlays that were found on wood were bone and ivory (Fig. 37) since the First and Second Dynasties (3200).

Figure (37) Some of the decorative forms that were found from the ancient era for inlays on wood with bone and ivory.

- 2800 BC. M . ), as well as the colored drawings that were found for decorations on the walls from the same era (Fig. It appeared on the furniture of Queen Hetepe, a guard that proves the Egyptian’s knowledge of the style of mosaic art.. Also, the antiquities found in Saqqara, which is a plate from the first family 3200 BC. It was made of black stone and inlaid with animal models of alabaster (Fig. 39) showing the extent to which the industry has reached Inlays with different stones, as well as we find in the cladding of some walls and the cylinder above the door (with blue tiles) in
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(Fig. 38) Some geometric motifs from the ancient era..they are based on mats and imitated on the walls with painting and with faience or mosaic in the following eras.

The rooms and corridors of the southern cemetery from the era of King Djoser of the Third Dynasty (2800-2700 BC). We find that the artist here wanted to represent the shape of the mats that usually covered the walls and covered the openings in that era. This method is similar to what we are used to seeing in the current faience. And also in the mosaic in terms of the idea and composition.The beauty of this artistic method appeared in the modern state, especially in the era of Akhenaten, as well as in the late photographer, the Coptic era and the Islamic era.From this we can think that the first of this artistic path for making mosaic was its source from the East and from Egypt since the era of the Pharaohs and in the Third Dynasty specifically, that is, around the year 2800 BC.

In 1945, the colleague Professor Muhammad Hassan Abd al-Rahman discovered a piece of mosaic of the Alexandrian style and dates back to the Greco-Roman era, figure 40a. She is kind

(Fig. 36) A dish from the first family with aleister
(Fig. 40) Mosaico flour from Kom Troja.

Fine mosaic, with a diameter of 41 cm and the number of pieces in square centimeters

About 50 pieces in a drawing in the natural style colored in red, yellow, green, brown and black. This depiction represents a drawing of a rooster in front of it and a rose and below it and above it two birds and two flowers. It is an accurate model of Afro-Roman mosaic art. Our colleague, Professor Shafiq Farid, presented us with a picture from the same ground excavations of black and white mosaic, to form a formation resembling two fish and two lotus flowers. And it has an inscription in Greek, which means, “And you are…” which means welcome (Fig. 40b), and it appears that it was next to the entrance, Kaicy.

It was also discovered in the Sinai peninsula in the area of ​​Tal Shab Zubaid (between Rafah and Al-Arish) a floor of mosaic made of colored stones.

KAICY

Fig. 40b. Decorative mosaic floor in Kom Troja.