التصوير بألوان الباستل ١_ a ، من كتاب تكنولوجيا التصوير ، د.م محمد حماد

E - Painting in pastel colors

The material and artistic methods of drawing in pastel colors have their own character. Pastel fingers are usually made of ground white chalk and powdered colors. A little glue may be used to fix the particles with each other, and it does not require other intermediate elements in the drawing, such as water, oil, or eggs that are used in tempera colors.

Pastel is usually made of several degrees, including soft, medium and hard. The pastel has become an independent art since the eighteenth century, and it is commensurate with the style of Rococo art, the subtle expression known in this era. The pioneers of painting in pastel colors in the world were the artist Jean Baptiste Chardin in England, and Maurice Continent de Latour.

Iourice Quentin de la Tour in France, as well as photographer James Sharpler

James Sharpels in America. In the nineteenth century, the photographer Edgar Degas appeared

Edgar Degas became famous for his painting in pastels, as he used a drawing

Pastel as a type of painting and I combine it with oil as a medium

The following is the oil. Some people think that drawing in pastel colors is better

Coloring elements in photography, as it can vary in color effects

Endless by placing one color on top of the other, which gives subtle colors that express

The flesh also gives strong contrast between dark and light shades.

The pastel seemed to take its place in Egypt since the twenties, when the teachers of the School of Fine Arts, foreigners and Egyptians, were influenced by the academic style of education, and they practiced drawing in oil, water and pastel colors, and they directed students at that time to the same path (although some of them preferred drawing with a specific material). Therefore, we find many artists who have had interesting works, such as the paintings of the two teachers, Ahmed Sabry and Youssef Kamel, who pioneered this type of photography.

Pastel colours: Painting with pastels differs from other types of painting in oil or wax. For example, in oil painting, colored powders are used.
Dissolved in oil as a medium, while in pastel drawing it is advisable to use the colors usually without any medium while they are dry (on the dry). This is because the pastel colors contain that medium for cohesion.. and that medium does not consist of any other gluey materials, which may weaken its flexibility Pastel, as one of the characteristics of dry pastel colors is the flexibility of particles, which helps the artist to find flexibility in the required drawing lines.

Accordingly, the colored materials used in the manufacture of pastel colors must be studied. Painting with pastels, when compared to painting with oil, we find that it has a different method from a chemical point of view that resists weather factors, as oxygen leakage or absorption does not occur, as happens in butter colors. On the contrary, we cannot say about cohesion (strength), as we know that the nature of pastel as a powder that crumbles makes the drawing with pastel somewhat less resistant even if it is protected by glass. With pastel we can use different methods for quick and temporary fixation to resist the different effects on the colors.

The pastel colors are similar to the sticks of wax colors in terms of their shape, which takes the shape of the mold in which they are made.. However, the material that makes them up differs due to the difference in the intermediate material that is used in the manufacture of wax colors, which is Alexandrian wax or beeswax, and it is not good for pastels to use intermediate materials such as materials The mucilaginous or resinous materials that lose their colors and their mellowness, as we have already mentioned... Rather, the best materials needed by pastel in the mediation are the materials that are of mineral origin such as siding and the color itself, and we find that the colors of the clay and the fuchsia are able to cohesion by themselves, as well as the ground roughness Painting (such as rough paper or velor paper and pressing the color during drawing also causes cohesion. Some may add a little starch to the mixture to work on cohesion, or add a small percentage of glue to the water used to moisten the colors when making them (about 5 grams per liter of water) with Some drops of glycerine.. However, it is not right to overdo it in adding these adhesive or intermediate materials so that the colors resulting from drying are not so that they cannot be used.

We note that the pastel colors need, next to the mediating materials - which may be mixed when they are made and formed to become films or fingers that are easy to use - to other materials to fix the drawing on the surface of the paper (1) on which the drawing is made, and these materials are resin materials (2) dissolved in a solvent Like alcohol

(1) Fixing materials are spread on the drawing surface by means of an airbrush. Although most photographers prefer to spread the stabilizer on the front surface of the painting, some of them prefer to spread it on the back surface so that the stability of the stabilization materials that comes out with air pressure from the airbrush does not affect the painting.

(2) Most of the stabilizers are made of mustel or alifonate dissolved in alcohol, and a stabilizer is now made of cellulosic materials or some plastic materials.
Naming confusion:

There is a lot of confusion in defining the word pastel, or the colors of pastels and the colors of ordinary chalk, which is often used instead of pastel colours. mou).. Although in the Arabic language we call the two types the word “chalk”, we tend to differentiate between the two names by calling the first chalk and the second artistic pastel, as is the case in the European nomenclature, and we will explain in the following each of the two types:

(a) Chalk or gypsum - as the Italians call it (1) - is a cheap type of color stick, and the word jo in Italian means chalk because it was originally made from slain gypsum with the required color added to it.. Then it is poured into molds as previously explained. But take the shape that the chalk is to be manufactured, whether it is round or square

This type of color is used for writing on the board, or children use it to draw on rough paper for education, but it is not used in artistic photography, as it is somewhat faded.. Its colors are also faded due to the addition of siding and twisted gypsum to the original color.. or these white materials dye In the required color during or after making white chalk (2)

(b) Technical pastel, which is the pastel used by artists in painting. It is also divided into two types, one of which is strong and cohesive, and the other is very soft. It is the type produced by the “Le Fran” company and is known as soft pastel or soft pastel (Pastel mou), and it differs in the way It is made with molds according to the method of making chalk or gesso previously mentioned, as the molds here press the pastel powder inside them so that it is more cohesive and consists of a pen or a finger after it has dried. The paper, however, does not shatter, especially when the artist holds it.. However, it should not be excessively pressed during drawing so that it does not break, and therefore it is covered, especially the types of soft pastels, from the outside with paper that is wrapped around each finger, so it works to strengthen it so that it does not shatter while using it, just as This outer covering is used to record the name of the factory that produced it, the name of the color material and its stability value.

(1) Chalk colors are usually made as sticks in the form of an ellipse cone or square in sector, similar to the types of chalk used for writing on the board and for drawing in schools. (2) For reasons of abundance, many factories resorted to making chalk for the bridge, colored with alms from the al-Saifat (Al-Alalina) after making it white, especially in the days of war due to the lack of materials.
needed for industry.