الخطوة الأولى للتصوير في مصر الفرعونية ، من كتاب تكنولوجيا التصوير من ص ٢٧ - ص ٣٢

To use colors and drawing tools after a long training session, which made it difficult to emulate him or reach his artistic level in the past. The surfaces used for drawing: As for the materials on which the Egyptian painted in colors, they are either the clay buildings of students with mud mortar mixed with gypsum, as we have previously seen in the drawings of the Kom al-Ahmar cemetery, and in the drawing of Osmidum (Fig. Its history goes back to the Fourth Dynasty, that is, around the year 2565-2680 BC. . And if we search in the sector that represents the wall on which these drawings are depicted, we find that mud mortar was worked on the Prophet’s brick buildings, and on it a background was drawn in a uniform color, on which it was possible to photograph in color. And among the materials that the Egyptian used to photograph on them were stones - especially limestone and sandstone, and he built his buildings from them, and he had experiments with them that appeared in an attempt to understand the nature of color to fix it on the stones ... These experiments led to the direction in the path that the Egyptian artist followed throughout the historical eras after that . In some Egyptian antiquities we can notice these attempts
Color Fixation Experiments: In one of the gates that were found in the Meidum area and are now preserved in the Egyptian Museum by the so-called “Nefarmat”, we can see a funny attempt to fix the color on the walls built of limestone, as we see that the artist made deep holes for the inside, in order to help fix the color in the stones. And it stays for a long time in the form of an inlay with the color prepared in the form of a paste... However, the color that was made here, with a thickness of about two centimeters, soon cracked and a large part of it fell off, which called the artist to a method by which he could fix the color... So he resorted to leaving the symptoms of thinking From the stone inside the large color spaces to divide them into smaller areas, and thus the cohesion of the color with the stone material is stronger. However, this method - which was better than the previous one - did not produce the result that the painter wanted, so he had to be convinced of the simple method that he used previously and which succeeded in his first experiments... by coloring the surfaces of the stones with a thin layer of color in the areas of the Egyptian style pots, whether it was That is on flat surfaces, or on types of recessed or prominent excavations. Al-Masry was depicted in this manner on the walls of the tombs that he dug in the rocky areas such as the Valley of the Kings and others. He also painted some statues made of stones, and all his drawings were in areas with bright original colors... Among the most beautiful colors of limestone stones are two statues of Prince Ra Hotep and his wife. No ferret (Fig. 10). Preparing the surface in the cemetery: We note that the methods of preparing the surfaces of the walls of the cemetery for painting have also differed from one place to another... Some of them were painted directly on the stone walls, or the drawing was done after trying to polish the surface (Fig. 11) or paint it with a mortar of gypsum or mud and gypsum. He also painted on pottery and sherds, either with watercolors or regular or glazed kiln colors (which they call Egyptian faience), as the objects to be glazed were covered with an opaque glass film tinted in blue or green, as we see in the walls covered with blue faience in the buildings of the Step Pyramid.

Other materials for drawing: Among the materials that the Egyptian drew on were bones, linen, leather, metal, and wood from which he used to make statues (Fig. 12) and coffins that were painted in regular colors, and were in different shapes, including the human form in which he imitated the faces of the owners of coffins in the late eras (Greek Al-Romani), which is known as the faces of Fayoum, and in many of them the accuracy of photography, expression and coloring has reached a high degree of sufficiency. As for the papyrus sheets they drew on, they made them from the papyrus plant, which spread in the sides of the canals and in the swamps... After the Egyptian realized the presence of fibers in the stem of the plant, he could use it to make sheets in the form of rolls after cutting the plant and making slices that lined the neighborhood of
Each other in the longitudinal and transverse directions... Also, the sap in the stem will be a helping factor in gluing after pressing and drying these slices.