تطور تكنولوجيا التصوير عبر العصور .. من كتاب تكنولوجيا التصوير من ص ١٩ - ص ٢١

The development of photography technology through the ages. If what is meant now by painting is what it means to be oil painting, then the emergence of photography took many steps until it reached the art of photography that we know today, just as the industrial means in photography (technology) took several stages through the ages until it reached the classic form that we know. Then the modern style, which adapted many types of materials and colors that entered contemporary works to be in line with the philosophy of the era and its view of the task of modern arts. A glimpse of the development of the industrial style in photography: It is always desirable for the photographer to recognize the important discoveries that led to satisfying the artist's needs and feelings, so he is surrounded by knowledge of ways And the means of previous artists, and that the history of art achieves this for us to benefit from it for all those working in this field .. after their understanding of previous experiences, and thus their task becomes easier and easier. And that the past of photography is dispersed and dispersed in ancient works that could not be well preserved through the ages, namely: There are four main elements that must always be followed in the study of imaging technology: 1- the carrier material 2- the ground of photography 3- the paint (dyes). . . 4- The fixative or mediator. . . But what are the circumstances that passed on these materials from its inception to the present era? In fact, photography was not always, as it seems to us today, a shroud of expression and suggestion... or the emotion emanating from an aesthetic feeling, but it first began as an applied art.

It is related - to some extent - functionally to one of the objects or subjects, but it is not in itself a subject whose matter is a function of a special expression, and it was subject to an idea related to magic. Such as the image of the animal with which man was associated in prehistoric times and its drawing in hunting scenes, or drawings of the secrets of coffins or burial chambers) and funerary places, and it was also used to decorate and maintain some buildings, ship hulls and household tools. It is certain that photography has its own effects, but it cannot exist independently of the carrier material and the ground of photography on which it was found to be painted. And the multiple mixing in the ancient languages ​​between the two adjectives useful and beautiful, which can be traced back to the era of “Plato”, shows at the same time that the spiritual value is indicative of the material, meaning that both benefit and beauty must be available in everything that benefits man, and a long time has passed before reaching this. The idea of ​​useful materials to be applied to the conceptual meaning only.. This issue was left for time before a dispute occurred between the purpose of the creative artist and the society that receives his work.. Hence the manufacturer walked a path that brought him out from being a mere maker working to serve the purposes of society to an artist working to satisfy His artistic desire.. and that was in the late antiquity until the fifteenth century AD.. and the industrial style is the best witness to these vibrations, and it is the one that guarantees the life of the artistic subject and the artwork itself. The first prehistoric discoveries: It is possible to talk about photography starting from the moment when man found the way to express through drawing and the need to fix the primary colors that nature put in his hand from clay of various colors and easy to shape, plant juices, and the remains of primary chemical reactions such as burnt bone. And all of this gave man an inspiration by using different colors to express the drawn shapes and the meanings that each color carried. The roughness of the wall and the ability of water to dissolve colors made it easier for people to know how to fix these industrial dyes. Genius and the desire to extend the life of bitter images gave the artist the opportunity to discover a fixative for colored particles. It is impossible to confirm the composition of these materials, although it is known that some were used. Fats, vegetable juices, and natural resins, they are materials known to man that helped preserve ancient images that date back to prehistoric times in the areas of “Mas d’Azil, the Cave of Altamira” and the monuments of Magdalen and other ancient eras in the Altamira world. Most of the dyes that were used in those pictures are of the colors of red and yellow clay, iron oxides, fuchsia, and burnt bone, which gives the black color. As well as vegetable carbon and blue dyes derived from manganese dioxide, and there are remnants of vegetable dyes, and these colors were crushed by hand or by water or fatty materials and perhaps oil In Ma’ar, this work was carried out with the help of two stones, and its industry developed later on with powder-crushing plates or malachites, then mortar, as we will see in the ancient Egyptian civilization. Coloring materials were found, as well as snails or small stones in which these colored powders were preserved. We do not doubt that the arts originated in the countries of the East The first thing that arose, and spread from it to the whole world, and we have seen the beginning of photography since prehistoric times in North Africa and in Egypt, and therefore it is important for us to trace its development here since the oldest ages until we see what it was in the era of the Pharaohs (1) and then in the Coptic era (2 ) Then the Arab era until it reached contemporary arts. We are interested in always noticing the technological methods that were followed and developed through the ages until we reached new concepts and methods in the technology of arts in our contemporary life..