الطاقة الكيميائية .. الفيزياء

Chemical Energy .. Physics

Chemical Energy

All materials in the universe are composed of the union of approximately one hundred types of atoms with different compositions called elements. The atom itself consists of a central nucleus containing a specific number of particles loaded with positive electrical charges called protons, to which are added a number of uncharged particles called neutrons. Negative particles called electrons revolve around this nucleus, and their number is equal to the number of protons in the atom, which becomes completely electrically neutral. In fact, these electrons carry different amounts of energy that can be traced back to circular levels (although they are in fact elliptical) with a single center, each of which contains a number of electrons, and their distance from the nucleus increases as the value of the energy they carry increases.

The electronic configurations of the elements at the beginning of the periodic table are attached to their mass numbers.

The electrical valence bond leads to the union of sodium with chlorine to form natural salt. (Opposite image) The covalent bond leads to the union of oxygen and hydrogen to form water in a reaction characterized by generating energy.

There are many rules to know the number of electrons present in each level or layer, the most important of which is that the atom does not reach a state of stability unless its outer layer is filled with eight electrons, with the exception of the hydrogen and helium atoms, which have only two electrons in their outer layer. Although the natural elements do not exceed a hundred by much, there are millions of different chemical materials that are formed from the union of atoms seeking a higher level of stability, by completing their outer layer with the electrons they need. It is worth noting that the union of atoms with each other in order to form a molecule of the compound material is done in one of two different ways or both together. The first way is called the electrical valence bond, in which one of the atoms gives one of its electrons to the second atom, and as a result their two outer layers are filled, each with eight electrons. The second method is called the chemical valence bond, in which the two atoms share one electron that completes the outer layer of each of them. It is clear that the chemical bonds between atoms represent potential energy stored in them, and are added to the kinetic energy of the molecules, forming what is called the chemical energy of the substance.