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Batteries - Free electron movement - Electron gun - Focus focus.. Electronics

Batteries

The larger the cell size, the larger the area exposed to chemical reactions and thus the greater the intensity of the current coming out of it. If the primary cells are connected in parallel (11), we get a large current value. This current is equal to the sum of the currents coming out of the connected cells. At the same time, the voltage of this cell does not exceed the voltage of a single cell. However, if it is required to raise the value of the voltage required from the primary cells while keeping the current constant, the cells are connected in series (12). If two cells are connected in series, each with a voltage of 1.5 volts, we can get a voltage of 3 volts, and so on. . . .

The layered batteries (12) consist of a number of flat cells placed on top of each other. Acid batteries or accumulators are used in vehicles, and the accumulator is composed of several primary cells with a voltage of . . . K. Each of them has ? Volts and the accumulator contains six cells connected in series, meaning that the d.k. in it is equal to 12 volts. Each cell consists of a container containing two electrodes immersed in an electrolytic solution of dilute sulfuric acid, one of which is made of perforated sponge lead plates and the other is made of lead pyrooxide plates.

11 - A group of cells connected in parallel.
12 - The voltage value increases by connecting cells in series.
13 - Attraction of different charges.
14 - Repulsion of similar charges.

Movement of free electrons

Negative electrons usually move towards the positive charge (13), so if a free electron is found next to a positive charge, its path becomes curved as a result of its attraction to it.

Different charges attract each other, while similar charges repel each other (14). Therefore, we notice the electron path bending away from the negative charges. These effects are used to direct the flow of electrons in various electronic devices such as cathode ray tubes used in vibration graphs. It is also possible to change the path of the free electron by a magnetic field as is done in television tubes and magnetrons.

Electron Gun

It is possible to obtain a stream of electrons in the cathode of the electron gun heated by an internal filament (15). This is because the high temperature causes the emission of electrons that form a beam that passes through a hole in a cylinder, and its strength is controlled by the voltage applied around the cylinder. If this voltage is negative, a repulsive force occurs that reduces the passage of electrons through the cylinder, and thus the density of the beam.

15 - A stream of electrons emitted from an electron gun cylinder.

Focal focus

It is known that convex optical lenses collect light rays and focus them at a point. Likewise, electronic lenses have the same effect on the cathode beam because the degree of curvature of the electric field affects the electrons in the same way that lenses affect light rays (16). Cylinders containing coils with different voltages also work as lenses.

The intensity of the cathode rays can be adjusted, their deflection controlled, and the electrons focused by controlling the voltage of one or more of the electrodes in the valve or cylinder. The cathode ray valve contains an electron gun or cathode, a grid, or a means of controlling the intensity of the beam, an accelerator, and two focusing electrodes. All of this is placed inside a funnel-shaped evacuated tube, ending with a screen covered with a fluorescent material on which a visible light spot appears as soon as the electron beam hits it.

16 - Beam focus in the cathode ray valve.