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معدات التكبير والطباعة .. المعدات الأساسية .. كيفية التقاط وتطوير الصور الملونة
ENLARGING & PRINTING EQUIPMENT
If the end - product in your photography is a set of slides for projection , there is nothing more to plan in assembling the equipment . If , however , you are shooting in order to produce prints , whether from slides or negatives , a prac- tical darkroom and considerably more equipment is needed . The main item , and the most expensive , is the enlarger . As with cameras , enlargers vary a great deal in sophistication and expense .
The simplest and cheapest enlarger that you can use for colour is , in fact , a plain black - and - white model , using its filter drawer with a set of colour printing filters ( which are usually made of acetate ) . Make sure that the filters are the same size as the drawer ; 3in ( 75mm ) is standard . Also make sure that the enlarger is equipped with a focal length of lens that suits the film format you use : 35mm film , for example , needs an enlarger lens of 50mm or 60mm ; 120 rollfilm should have an 80mm lens . Easier to use , but also more expensive , is a colour - head enlarger . The light source for this is designed for accurate colour reproduction , and the necessary filtration is built into the head . The usual system is a set of three dials or knobs , each of which turns a dichroic filter . These filters , one yellow , one magenta and one cyan ( blue - green ) , can be dialled to different strengths . If the area where you live is subject to voltage fluctuations , a voltage regulator is useful too ; otherwise , a voltage drop will affect not only the exposure ( which is not too important ) but also the colour balance .
On the enlarger's baseboard you will need an easel for mounting the paper . This has a means of locating the paper and adjustable masks to crop the image to the exact size and shape that you want . Focusing can often be done well enough by eye alone , but a focusing magnifier allows you to focus precisely on the grain of the film .
Other things that you will need are an enlarger timer ( it is much more convenient to have this connected to the enlarger's power supply than to operate a switch yourself ) , a blower brush for cleaning negatives , ' dodging ' tools , and a safelight , the actual filter for which depends on the type of paper you use .
Enlarger light sources
The two alternative systems are diffusion and condenser , and each produces a distinctive quality of image . In a diffusion head , the light source is made even by a transluscent screen ; in the condenser system , two lenses focus the beam . Diffusers are normally preferred for colour .
DIFFUSER SYSTEM
CONDENSER SYSTEM
ABOVE For enlargers that lack dial - in filtration , a set of acetate colour printing filters is needed . The standard set of Kodak CP filters includes the four colours cyan , magenta , yellow and red , each in four strengths ( 5 , 10 , 20 and 401 , with an additional CP2B , the UV - absorbing equivalent of a Wratten 2B .
BELOW On colourheads of modern colour enlargers , such as this Durst , the three colour filters and light intensity can be adjusted through dials on the head .
Enlarger with colour head
This advanced enlarger , fitted with a colour head , uses a standard quartz halogen lamp as its light source , but transmits the light through an acrylic light pipe that absorbs the ultra - violet radiation that would upset colour balance in printing . For focusing accuracy , the enlarger's fine controls are mounted on a vertical optical bench which itself is attached to the main column . The degree of enlargement is controlled by moving the whole assembly up or down on the column ; the image is then focused with the bellows .
For colour printing , three dials are mechanically linked to three filters ( BELOW ) which can be placed partially or completely in the path of the light from the quartz The amount that each filter interrupts this light path determines the filtration . Less expensive enlargers use a filter drawer above the negative camera ; different strengths of gelatin filters can then be inserted by hand .
Film carrier types include an adjustable mask for different film formats ( 1 below ) , a glass carrier to hold thin film flat ( 2 ) , and a hinged plate ( 3 ) .
Inclined column
Dichroic filters
Tapered lock collar
Light pipe
Colour head
Negative carrier
Focusing bellows
Enlarging lens
Lens tilt lock
Optical bench
Baseboard
Quartz lamp
Magenta , yellow and cyan filter wheels
Elevation knob
Focusing knob
ENLARGING & PRINTING EQUIPMENT
If the end - product in your photography is a set of slides for projection , there is nothing more to plan in assembling the equipment . If , however , you are shooting in order to produce prints , whether from slides or negatives , a prac- tical darkroom and considerably more equipment is needed . The main item , and the most expensive , is the enlarger . As with cameras , enlargers vary a great deal in sophistication and expense .
The simplest and cheapest enlarger that you can use for colour is , in fact , a plain black - and - white model , using its filter drawer with a set of colour printing filters ( which are usually made of acetate ) . Make sure that the filters are the same size as the drawer ; 3in ( 75mm ) is standard . Also make sure that the enlarger is equipped with a focal length of lens that suits the film format you use : 35mm film , for example , needs an enlarger lens of 50mm or 60mm ; 120 rollfilm should have an 80mm lens . Easier to use , but also more expensive , is a colour - head enlarger . The light source for this is designed for accurate colour reproduction , and the necessary filtration is built into the head . The usual system is a set of three dials or knobs , each of which turns a dichroic filter . These filters , one yellow , one magenta and one cyan ( blue - green ) , can be dialled to different strengths . If the area where you live is subject to voltage fluctuations , a voltage regulator is useful too ; otherwise , a voltage drop will affect not only the exposure ( which is not too important ) but also the colour balance .
On the enlarger's baseboard you will need an easel for mounting the paper . This has a means of locating the paper and adjustable masks to crop the image to the exact size and shape that you want . Focusing can often be done well enough by eye alone , but a focusing magnifier allows you to focus precisely on the grain of the film .
Other things that you will need are an enlarger timer ( it is much more convenient to have this connected to the enlarger's power supply than to operate a switch yourself ) , a blower brush for cleaning negatives , ' dodging ' tools , and a safelight , the actual filter for which depends on the type of paper you use .
Enlarger light sources
The two alternative systems are diffusion and condenser , and each produces a distinctive quality of image . In a diffusion head , the light source is made even by a transluscent screen ; in the condenser system , two lenses focus the beam . Diffusers are normally preferred for colour .
DIFFUSER SYSTEM
CONDENSER SYSTEM
ABOVE For enlargers that lack dial - in filtration , a set of acetate colour printing filters is needed . The standard set of Kodak CP filters includes the four colours cyan , magenta , yellow and red , each in four strengths ( 5 , 10 , 20 and 401 , with an additional CP2B , the UV - absorbing equivalent of a Wratten 2B .
BELOW On colourheads of modern colour enlargers , such as this Durst , the three colour filters and light intensity can be adjusted through dials on the head .
Enlarger with colour head
This advanced enlarger , fitted with a colour head , uses a standard quartz halogen lamp as its light source , but transmits the light through an acrylic light pipe that absorbs the ultra - violet radiation that would upset colour balance in printing . For focusing accuracy , the enlarger's fine controls are mounted on a vertical optical bench which itself is attached to the main column . The degree of enlargement is controlled by moving the whole assembly up or down on the column ; the image is then focused with the bellows .
For colour printing , three dials are mechanically linked to three filters ( BELOW ) which can be placed partially or completely in the path of the light from the quartz The amount that each filter interrupts this light path determines the filtration . Less expensive enlargers use a filter drawer above the negative camera ; different strengths of gelatin filters can then be inserted by hand .
Film carrier types include an adjustable mask for different film formats ( 1 below ) , a glass carrier to hold thin film flat ( 2 ) , and a hinged plate ( 3 ) .
Inclined column
Dichroic filters
Tapered lock collar
Light pipe
Colour head
Negative carrier
Focusing bellows
Enlarging lens
Lens tilt lock
Optical bench
Baseboard
Quartz lamp
Magenta , yellow and cyan filter wheels
Elevation knob
Focusing knob
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