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التنسيق .. اختيار الفيلم .. كيفية التقاط وتطوير الصور بالأبيض والأسود
FORMAT
The camera you use will determine the size of film you buy , and with 35mm there is no further choice . All 35mm cameras accept the single , standard film width , and with few exceptions ( half - frame and panoramic models ) the nega- tive frame is a standardized 24 × 36mm , that is with proportions of 2 : 3 .
With medium and large format cameras , however , there is often a choice of frame size , and this has a significant effect on the image quality . Graininess , as we saw earlier becomes apparent only beyond a certain degree of enlargement . If you normally print up to 8 × 10in , a 35mm negative will need to be enlarged 60 times to fill the paper , but a 6x7cm negative only has to be enlarged just over 12 times . At the extreme , a large - format 8 × 10in negative shot on a view camera would need no enlargement at all : it could be contact - printed for the finest image quality of all .
View cameras , however , are really outside the scope of this book . Medium- format cameras accept 6cm - wide rollfilm , and this is large enough to allow some choice of frame sizes . 6 × 4.5 , 6 × 6 , 6 × 7 , 6x8 and 6 × 9cm are all possible formats , some of them available as alternatives on the same camera by using different film magazines . Panoramic frames , though used much less often , are even longer .
The degree of enlargement , and so the image quality , depends also on another factor : the proportions . Printing paper and negatives do not always have the same shape . A 35mm negative is significantly more elongated than the typical 4 : 5 proportions of printing paper . To use the whole of the print , a negative must be cropped , and so enlarged even more ; alternatively , printing the entire 35mm negative wastes some of the paper . 6 × 4.5 and 6 × 7cm for- mats on rollfilm are almost matched to the paper , so that if you compose the original shot to the limits of the viewfinder frame , and then print up the entire negative , this is the most efficient use of film and paper .
LEFT An advantage that the 6 x 7cm format shares with the 6 x 4.5cm , is that when enlarged the formats on rollfilm almost match the printing paper . Therefore , the minimum amount of image loss results .
TOP Although the half - frame format has never come close to the roaring success of 35mm , it has recently experienced a revival with the release of cameras offering both 35mm and half - frame . The format's name is self - explanatory ; it is half a 35mm frame .
ABOVE The 35mm format is undoubtedly the most popular in the world - and shows no signs of decline . However , when composing a picture on 35mm film , you must always remember that a certain amount of the image will be lost when printed , due to the mismatched proportions between 35mm and normal printing paper .
RIGHT As with 35mm , a certain amount of a 6 x 6cm frame will be lost during normal printing , because of paper sizes and proportions . However , the 6 x 6cm format does open a world of challenging possibilities to the photographer interested in unusual composition .
Film is also available in different lengths . Black - and - white 35mm is sold in cassettes of 36 , 24 and 20 exposures . Longer lengths are more economical , but if you are using a special film for one occasion , you may need fewer frames . The most economical of all ways of shooting 35mm film is to buy it in bulk and load it yourself into empty cassettes . This has the added advantage of allowing you to cut short lengths , according to need .
Rollfilm is available in two forms : 120 and 220. The difference is that while 120 has a paper backing and gives 12 frames per roll with a 6 × 6cm camera ( less for the larger frame sizes ) , 220 has no paper and so can be wound tightly enough onto the same size of spool to allow twice the number of frames .
FORMAT
The camera you use will determine the size of film you buy , and with 35mm there is no further choice . All 35mm cameras accept the single , standard film width , and with few exceptions ( half - frame and panoramic models ) the nega- tive frame is a standardized 24 × 36mm , that is with proportions of 2 : 3 .
With medium and large format cameras , however , there is often a choice of frame size , and this has a significant effect on the image quality . Graininess , as we saw earlier becomes apparent only beyond a certain degree of enlargement . If you normally print up to 8 × 10in , a 35mm negative will need to be enlarged 60 times to fill the paper , but a 6x7cm negative only has to be enlarged just over 12 times . At the extreme , a large - format 8 × 10in negative shot on a view camera would need no enlargement at all : it could be contact - printed for the finest image quality of all .
View cameras , however , are really outside the scope of this book . Medium- format cameras accept 6cm - wide rollfilm , and this is large enough to allow some choice of frame sizes . 6 × 4.5 , 6 × 6 , 6 × 7 , 6x8 and 6 × 9cm are all possible formats , some of them available as alternatives on the same camera by using different film magazines . Panoramic frames , though used much less often , are even longer .
The degree of enlargement , and so the image quality , depends also on another factor : the proportions . Printing paper and negatives do not always have the same shape . A 35mm negative is significantly more elongated than the typical 4 : 5 proportions of printing paper . To use the whole of the print , a negative must be cropped , and so enlarged even more ; alternatively , printing the entire 35mm negative wastes some of the paper . 6 × 4.5 and 6 × 7cm for- mats on rollfilm are almost matched to the paper , so that if you compose the original shot to the limits of the viewfinder frame , and then print up the entire negative , this is the most efficient use of film and paper .
LEFT An advantage that the 6 x 7cm format shares with the 6 x 4.5cm , is that when enlarged the formats on rollfilm almost match the printing paper . Therefore , the minimum amount of image loss results .
TOP Although the half - frame format has never come close to the roaring success of 35mm , it has recently experienced a revival with the release of cameras offering both 35mm and half - frame . The format's name is self - explanatory ; it is half a 35mm frame .
ABOVE The 35mm format is undoubtedly the most popular in the world - and shows no signs of decline . However , when composing a picture on 35mm film , you must always remember that a certain amount of the image will be lost when printed , due to the mismatched proportions between 35mm and normal printing paper .
RIGHT As with 35mm , a certain amount of a 6 x 6cm frame will be lost during normal printing , because of paper sizes and proportions . However , the 6 x 6cm format does open a world of challenging possibilities to the photographer interested in unusual composition .
Film is also available in different lengths . Black - and - white 35mm is sold in cassettes of 36 , 24 and 20 exposures . Longer lengths are more economical , but if you are using a special film for one occasion , you may need fewer frames . The most economical of all ways of shooting 35mm film is to buy it in bulk and load it yourself into empty cassettes . This has the added advantage of allowing you to cut short lengths , according to need .
Rollfilm is available in two forms : 120 and 220. The difference is that while 120 has a paper backing and gives 12 frames per roll with a 6 × 6cm camera ( less for the larger frame sizes ) , 220 has no paper and so can be wound tightly enough onto the same size of spool to allow twice the number of frames .
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