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معدات المعالجة .. البدء .. كيفية التقاط وتطوير الصور بالأبيض والأسود
PROCESSING EQUIPMENT
One of the great pleasures in black - and - white photography is being able to follow through the entire process of making an image , from the moment of shooting to the finished print . Arguably , this applies even more to black - and- white than to colour , as the image is more susceptible to control and manipula- tion . Black - and - white photographers become used to anticipating the dark- room processes even when they are making the exposure : as we will see later in this book , knowing what changes can be made during processing and printing makes it possible to choose exposure settings accordingly .
The immediate stage once a roll of film has been exposed is to develop and fix it , and the equipment and chemicals needed are extremely simple .
Both 35mm and rollfilm are normally processed in a small circular tank , made either of stainless steel or plastic . These are available in different heights , depending on whether one or several films are to be processed at the same time , and the film itself is wound onto a spiral reel . Stainless steel reels load from the inside outwards , plastic reels are grooved for the film to slide inwards , starting at the edge . The lid contains a hole fitted with a light baffle , so that processing solutions can be poured in and out without exposing the film to light . Once loaded , the tank can be used in normal lighting .
Darkness is , however , essential for taking the film out of its cassette and loading it into the tank . The darkroom that you use for printing can double for film loading , but the light - proofing is then even more critical . If you do not have the luxury of a room that can be given over full - time to darkroom use , it is not too difficult to make a temporary conversion of some other room . This is easiest if there is no window , but if there is , it can be blocked out either with a special type of roller blind , or with a solid shutter . A darkroom roller blind fitting is constructed as a box covering the window frame , in which a thick black cloth blind runs inside recessed grooves . The door is another potential source of light : cover the gaps with either draught - excluding flaps or foam strips .
Finally , check the effectiveness of the light - proofing by taking out a short strip of unexposed film , covering part of it with an opaque object , and exposing it in the darkened room for a minute or two . Process it and see if you can distinguish the edge of the object that was covering it ; if there is a noticeable
Processing Equipment
Developing tanks are available in two basic designs with a stainless steel reel ( 1 ) , and with a plastic reel ( 2 ) which is easier to load but less durable . Developer ( 3 ) , stop bath ( 4 ) , and fixer ( 5 ) should be kept in clearly - labelled , light - tight stoppered bottles ; an even better alternative is an expanding container with a concertina shape ( 6 ) which adjusts so that air is excluded . For mixing chemicals , a graduated measuring flask ( 7 ) is essential , and to maintain them at a constaint 68 ° F ( 20 ° C ) they should be placed in a tray ( 8 ) filled with water at that temperature , using a thermometer ( 9 ) . A
timer ( 10 ) can be pre - set to the recommended developing and fixing times . Rubber gloves ( 11 ) prevent skin irritation from prolonged contact with the chemicals and a funnel ( 12 ) prevents spillage when returning chemicals to the bottles . A water hose ( 13 ) and filter ( 14 ) are used for washing the film , which is then hung to dry on clips ( 15 ) . Excess moisture can be removed with a pair of Squeegee tongs ( 16 ) . The film is finally cut into strips with scissors ( 17 ) . Wetting agent ( 18 ) is added to the final wash to help the developer spread more easily and to prevent drying marks .
demarcation of tone , the film has been fogged slightly and the room's light- proofing is not total .
An alternative to a darkroom is a changing bag , which is a double - lined bag of black material fitted with two zips and elasticated sleeves for your arms . Choose one that is large enough to work in easily .
The other equipment you will need is : a bottle opener to open the 35mm film cassettes , scissors to trim the ends , one or two graduates for measuring the mixing solutions ( they should be at least as big as the developing tank ) , storage bottles , thermometer and stirring paddle . Temperature control is by no means as critical as for colour film development , but you will need a source of warm water and a fairly deep tray in which to stand the developer . Clips for hanging the washed film and a clean , dry place in which to hang them complete the list .
Enlarger
Developer
Stop bath
Flexible hose
Card protects enlarger area from splashing
Wash tray
Printing paper
Temporarily fit red bulb in light fitting
A Makeshift Darkroom
A bathroom has certain advantages for temporary conversion : plumbing , large water containers , and disposal . In the conversion above , a board over most of the bath provides working surface . Print washing takes place underneath , in the bath itself . Power for the enlarger should be taken from outside the bathroom , for safety reasons .
Enlarger
Printing paper
Desk lamp fitted with red bulb
Processing trays
Water bucket for carrying prints to bathroom
Towel rail
Wooden shutter to fit inside window frame
Chemicals
A Converted Study
A slightly more sophisticated type of conversion , yet still temporary , is of an office or study . Even if there is no plumbing , processing solutions can be mixed and brought in from the bathroom , while a plastic bucket
can be used for taking fixed prints out for washing . The room can be lightproofed with a wooden shutter that fits tightly into the window frame , and felt or rubber flaps around the door .
PROCESSING EQUIPMENT
One of the great pleasures in black - and - white photography is being able to follow through the entire process of making an image , from the moment of shooting to the finished print . Arguably , this applies even more to black - and- white than to colour , as the image is more susceptible to control and manipula- tion . Black - and - white photographers become used to anticipating the dark- room processes even when they are making the exposure : as we will see later in this book , knowing what changes can be made during processing and printing makes it possible to choose exposure settings accordingly .
The immediate stage once a roll of film has been exposed is to develop and fix it , and the equipment and chemicals needed are extremely simple .
Both 35mm and rollfilm are normally processed in a small circular tank , made either of stainless steel or plastic . These are available in different heights , depending on whether one or several films are to be processed at the same time , and the film itself is wound onto a spiral reel . Stainless steel reels load from the inside outwards , plastic reels are grooved for the film to slide inwards , starting at the edge . The lid contains a hole fitted with a light baffle , so that processing solutions can be poured in and out without exposing the film to light . Once loaded , the tank can be used in normal lighting .
Darkness is , however , essential for taking the film out of its cassette and loading it into the tank . The darkroom that you use for printing can double for film loading , but the light - proofing is then even more critical . If you do not have the luxury of a room that can be given over full - time to darkroom use , it is not too difficult to make a temporary conversion of some other room . This is easiest if there is no window , but if there is , it can be blocked out either with a special type of roller blind , or with a solid shutter . A darkroom roller blind fitting is constructed as a box covering the window frame , in which a thick black cloth blind runs inside recessed grooves . The door is another potential source of light : cover the gaps with either draught - excluding flaps or foam strips .
Finally , check the effectiveness of the light - proofing by taking out a short strip of unexposed film , covering part of it with an opaque object , and exposing it in the darkened room for a minute or two . Process it and see if you can distinguish the edge of the object that was covering it ; if there is a noticeable
Processing Equipment
Developing tanks are available in two basic designs with a stainless steel reel ( 1 ) , and with a plastic reel ( 2 ) which is easier to load but less durable . Developer ( 3 ) , stop bath ( 4 ) , and fixer ( 5 ) should be kept in clearly - labelled , light - tight stoppered bottles ; an even better alternative is an expanding container with a concertina shape ( 6 ) which adjusts so that air is excluded . For mixing chemicals , a graduated measuring flask ( 7 ) is essential , and to maintain them at a constaint 68 ° F ( 20 ° C ) they should be placed in a tray ( 8 ) filled with water at that temperature , using a thermometer ( 9 ) . A
timer ( 10 ) can be pre - set to the recommended developing and fixing times . Rubber gloves ( 11 ) prevent skin irritation from prolonged contact with the chemicals and a funnel ( 12 ) prevents spillage when returning chemicals to the bottles . A water hose ( 13 ) and filter ( 14 ) are used for washing the film , which is then hung to dry on clips ( 15 ) . Excess moisture can be removed with a pair of Squeegee tongs ( 16 ) . The film is finally cut into strips with scissors ( 17 ) . Wetting agent ( 18 ) is added to the final wash to help the developer spread more easily and to prevent drying marks .
demarcation of tone , the film has been fogged slightly and the room's light- proofing is not total .
An alternative to a darkroom is a changing bag , which is a double - lined bag of black material fitted with two zips and elasticated sleeves for your arms . Choose one that is large enough to work in easily .
The other equipment you will need is : a bottle opener to open the 35mm film cassettes , scissors to trim the ends , one or two graduates for measuring the mixing solutions ( they should be at least as big as the developing tank ) , storage bottles , thermometer and stirring paddle . Temperature control is by no means as critical as for colour film development , but you will need a source of warm water and a fairly deep tray in which to stand the developer . Clips for hanging the washed film and a clean , dry place in which to hang them complete the list .
Enlarger
Developer
Stop bath
Flexible hose
Card protects enlarger area from splashing
Wash tray
Printing paper
Temporarily fit red bulb in light fitting
A Makeshift Darkroom
A bathroom has certain advantages for temporary conversion : plumbing , large water containers , and disposal . In the conversion above , a board over most of the bath provides working surface . Print washing takes place underneath , in the bath itself . Power for the enlarger should be taken from outside the bathroom , for safety reasons .
Enlarger
Printing paper
Desk lamp fitted with red bulb
Processing trays
Water bucket for carrying prints to bathroom
Towel rail
Wooden shutter to fit inside window frame
Chemicals
A Converted Study
A slightly more sophisticated type of conversion , yet still temporary , is of an office or study . Even if there is no plumbing , processing solutions can be mixed and brought in from the bathroom , while a plastic bucket
can be used for taking fixed prints out for washing . The room can be lightproofed with a wooden shutter that fits tightly into the window frame , and felt or rubber flaps around the door .
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