تويت
المرشد خطوة بخطوة للتصوير الفوتوغرافي .. المصطلحات - الحرف / I - J - K - L - M - N/
Glossary
Terms in italics denote useful cross- references to other glossary entries .
/ I /
Image Two - dimensional repre- sentation of a real object produced by focusing rays of light .
Image plane Plane at which a sharp image of the subject is formed . The nearer the subject , the further from the lens the image will be .
Incident light Light falling on to a surface , not reflected from it .
Incident light attachment Accessory for a hand exposure meter which allows it to give incident light readings .
Incident light reading Measure- ment of the incident light reaching a subject . The exposure meter is held close to the subject , pointing toward the light source .
Infinity In photography , the focusing position ( marked oo ) at which distant objects are in sharp focus .
Infra - red Band of wavelengths beyond the red end of the spectrum . They can be recorded on suitably sensitized films .
Instamatic camera Simple , fixed focus camera which accepts cart- ridges of 126 film , and so has an " instant " loading facility .
Instant picture photography System which produces a processed photograph seconds after exposure .
Intensification Chemical method of increasing the density or contrast of the image . Normally used for improving negatives .
Interchangeable lens system Facility on a camera that enables a lens to be removed and substituted by another of different focal length .
Inverse square law When a surface is illuminated by a light source ( e.g. flash ) the light intensity at the surface is quartered each time the light distance is doubled . It forms the basis of flash guide numbers .
Irradiation In photography , the scattering of light as it travels through
the emulsion . This effect results in a loss of definition .
/ J /
Joule Unit of measurement describing the output of electronic flash and used to compare flash units in terms of light output .
/ K /
Kelvin ( K ) The unit of measurement used to indicate the color tempera- ture of light sources . It is numerically equal to units on the Absolute scale ( equals degrees centigrade plus 273 ) .
/ L /
Lamphouse Ventilated light - tight housing which contains the light source on an enlarger or projector .
Large format camera General term for cameras taking pictures 4 x 5ins and larger .
Latent image Invisible image formed on the emulsion by exposure to light but made visible by development .
Leaf shutter An alternative term for Diaphragm shutter .
Lens Optical device made of glass or plastic , capable of bending light . In photography , lenses are used to gather together light rays reflected by an object to form an image on the focal plane . There are two types of simple lens : converging ( positive ) , which cause rays to converge to a point , and diverging ( negative ) . which cause rays to diverge . Both are used in compound lens construc- tions in which several elements are combined .
Lens barrel Housing for all the elements of the lens .
Lens hood Opaque tube , usually metal or rubber , used to shade the lens from unwanted light .
Light Form of energy that makes up the visible part of the electro- magnetic spectrum . It has a range of wavelengths from 400-700 nm representing a change in color from violet to dark red .
Line film High contrast film which gives negatives of two tones only . black and white .
Line image High contrast image consisting of black areas and clear film , produced on special high contrast film from either line or continuous tone subjects .
Lith film An extreme form of line film . Requires processing in lith developer .
Long focus lens Lens with a focal length considerably greater than the diagonal of the film format with which it is used .
Low key Photograph in which tones are predominantly dark .
Luminance Measurable amount of light which is emitted by or reflected from a source .
/ M /
Macro attachment Lens attach- ment ( extension tube or ring , bellows or supplementary lens ) used for macrophotography .
Macro lens Camera lens especially designed to give finest image quality in macrophotography .
Macrophotography Extreme close - up photography , producing a direct image larger than the original subject without the use of a microscope . Typically allows magnification of up to x 10 .
Magenta Purple - red color composed of blue and red light . Magenta is the complementary color to green .
Magnification Ratio of the height of the image to the height of the subject ; or the ratio of the lens - image distance to the subject - lens distance . When a subject and its image are the same size magnification is x1 .
Mask ( 1 ) Opaque material used to cover the edges of printing paper and so produce white borders : ( 2 ) Weak positive image on film which , when registered with a negative , adds density to the shadow areas and so reduces contrast : ( 3 ) Dyes incorporated in the non- image areas of color negatives to improve color accuracy when printed .
Mat ( 1 ) Term used to describe the surface finish of printing paper that is non - reflective . ( 2 ) Cardboard surround used to frame a print .
Microphotograph Greatly reduced photograph made through a microscope and viewed through a microfilm reader . Often used for recording documents and books .
Mired Abbreviation of micro reciprocal degrees , a scale of measurement of color temperature . To calculate the mired value of a light source , divide one million by color temperature in Kelvins . Filters are often given mired shift values .
Mirror lens Compound lens using curved mirrors instead of some of the transparent elements . This allows an extremely long focal length lens to fit within a short , squat barrel .
Monochromatic Strictly , light rays of one wavelength , i.e. a single , pure color . Also used loosely when talking of a range of tones of one color , or a black and white photograph .
Monorail camera Large format camera unit constructed on a single rail . Offers maximum camera movements .
Montage Composite picture made from a number of prints or parts of prints , cut and superimposed .
Mosaic Montage made by piecing together a series of overlapping photographs of one subject to produce a large , continuous view .
MQ / PQ developers Developing solutions containing the developing agents metol and hydroquinine ( or phenidone and hydroquinine ) . Extensively used for print develop- ment and many general purpose negative developers .
/ N /
Nanometer ( nm ) Unit of measure- ment of light wavelengths . One nanometer is one millionth of a millimeter .
Negative Developed photographic image with reversed tones , so that subject highlights appear dark and shadows appear light . It is usually made on a transparent base so that it can be used to make a positive image by exposing another sensitive material to light passed through it .
Neutral density filter Gray filter which reduces the amount of light entering the camera without affecting the colors in the final image .
Newton's rings Concentric rings of colored light produced when two flat , transparent surfaces are in partial contact . Often seen in glass transparency mounts and glass negative carriers .
Nodal point There are two nodal points in a compound lens . The front . nodal point is where rays of light entering the lens appear to aim . The rear nodal point is where they appear to have come from after passing through the lens . Used for optical calculations such as the precise measurement of focal length .
Normal lens Alternative term for Standard lens .
Glossary
Terms in italics denote useful cross- references to other glossary entries .
/ I /
Image Two - dimensional repre- sentation of a real object produced by focusing rays of light .
Image plane Plane at which a sharp image of the subject is formed . The nearer the subject , the further from the lens the image will be .
Incident light Light falling on to a surface , not reflected from it .
Incident light attachment Accessory for a hand exposure meter which allows it to give incident light readings .
Incident light reading Measure- ment of the incident light reaching a subject . The exposure meter is held close to the subject , pointing toward the light source .
Infinity In photography , the focusing position ( marked oo ) at which distant objects are in sharp focus .
Infra - red Band of wavelengths beyond the red end of the spectrum . They can be recorded on suitably sensitized films .
Instamatic camera Simple , fixed focus camera which accepts cart- ridges of 126 film , and so has an " instant " loading facility .
Instant picture photography System which produces a processed photograph seconds after exposure .
Intensification Chemical method of increasing the density or contrast of the image . Normally used for improving negatives .
Interchangeable lens system Facility on a camera that enables a lens to be removed and substituted by another of different focal length .
Inverse square law When a surface is illuminated by a light source ( e.g. flash ) the light intensity at the surface is quartered each time the light distance is doubled . It forms the basis of flash guide numbers .
Irradiation In photography , the scattering of light as it travels through
the emulsion . This effect results in a loss of definition .
/ J /
Joule Unit of measurement describing the output of electronic flash and used to compare flash units in terms of light output .
/ K /
Kelvin ( K ) The unit of measurement used to indicate the color tempera- ture of light sources . It is numerically equal to units on the Absolute scale ( equals degrees centigrade plus 273 ) .
/ L /
Lamphouse Ventilated light - tight housing which contains the light source on an enlarger or projector .
Large format camera General term for cameras taking pictures 4 x 5ins and larger .
Latent image Invisible image formed on the emulsion by exposure to light but made visible by development .
Leaf shutter An alternative term for Diaphragm shutter .
Lens Optical device made of glass or plastic , capable of bending light . In photography , lenses are used to gather together light rays reflected by an object to form an image on the focal plane . There are two types of simple lens : converging ( positive ) , which cause rays to converge to a point , and diverging ( negative ) . which cause rays to diverge . Both are used in compound lens construc- tions in which several elements are combined .
Lens barrel Housing for all the elements of the lens .
Lens hood Opaque tube , usually metal or rubber , used to shade the lens from unwanted light .
Light Form of energy that makes up the visible part of the electro- magnetic spectrum . It has a range of wavelengths from 400-700 nm representing a change in color from violet to dark red .
Line film High contrast film which gives negatives of two tones only . black and white .
Line image High contrast image consisting of black areas and clear film , produced on special high contrast film from either line or continuous tone subjects .
Lith film An extreme form of line film . Requires processing in lith developer .
Long focus lens Lens with a focal length considerably greater than the diagonal of the film format with which it is used .
Low key Photograph in which tones are predominantly dark .
Luminance Measurable amount of light which is emitted by or reflected from a source .
/ M /
Macro attachment Lens attach- ment ( extension tube or ring , bellows or supplementary lens ) used for macrophotography .
Macro lens Camera lens especially designed to give finest image quality in macrophotography .
Macrophotography Extreme close - up photography , producing a direct image larger than the original subject without the use of a microscope . Typically allows magnification of up to x 10 .
Magenta Purple - red color composed of blue and red light . Magenta is the complementary color to green .
Magnification Ratio of the height of the image to the height of the subject ; or the ratio of the lens - image distance to the subject - lens distance . When a subject and its image are the same size magnification is x1 .
Mask ( 1 ) Opaque material used to cover the edges of printing paper and so produce white borders : ( 2 ) Weak positive image on film which , when registered with a negative , adds density to the shadow areas and so reduces contrast : ( 3 ) Dyes incorporated in the non- image areas of color negatives to improve color accuracy when printed .
Mat ( 1 ) Term used to describe the surface finish of printing paper that is non - reflective . ( 2 ) Cardboard surround used to frame a print .
Microphotograph Greatly reduced photograph made through a microscope and viewed through a microfilm reader . Often used for recording documents and books .
Mired Abbreviation of micro reciprocal degrees , a scale of measurement of color temperature . To calculate the mired value of a light source , divide one million by color temperature in Kelvins . Filters are often given mired shift values .
Mirror lens Compound lens using curved mirrors instead of some of the transparent elements . This allows an extremely long focal length lens to fit within a short , squat barrel .
Monochromatic Strictly , light rays of one wavelength , i.e. a single , pure color . Also used loosely when talking of a range of tones of one color , or a black and white photograph .
Monorail camera Large format camera unit constructed on a single rail . Offers maximum camera movements .
Montage Composite picture made from a number of prints or parts of prints , cut and superimposed .
Mosaic Montage made by piecing together a series of overlapping photographs of one subject to produce a large , continuous view .
MQ / PQ developers Developing solutions containing the developing agents metol and hydroquinine ( or phenidone and hydroquinine ) . Extensively used for print develop- ment and many general purpose negative developers .
/ N /
Nanometer ( nm ) Unit of measure- ment of light wavelengths . One nanometer is one millionth of a millimeter .
Negative Developed photographic image with reversed tones , so that subject highlights appear dark and shadows appear light . It is usually made on a transparent base so that it can be used to make a positive image by exposing another sensitive material to light passed through it .
Neutral density filter Gray filter which reduces the amount of light entering the camera without affecting the colors in the final image .
Newton's rings Concentric rings of colored light produced when two flat , transparent surfaces are in partial contact . Often seen in glass transparency mounts and glass negative carriers .
Nodal point There are two nodal points in a compound lens . The front . nodal point is where rays of light entering the lens appear to aim . The rear nodal point is where they appear to have come from after passing through the lens . Used for optical calculations such as the precise measurement of focal length .
Normal lens Alternative term for Standard lens .
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