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كاميرات ذات أغراض خاصة .. المرشد خطوة بخطوة للتصوير الفوتوغرافي
Special purpose cameras
Cameras designed for special purposes range from surveillance types , fitted with electronic image intensifiers for use in the dark , to aerial cameras and instant picture cameras ( see p . 210 ) . You can , for instance , buy cameras with endoscope lenses - the lens is set at the end of a narrow tube which may be up to a 3 ft ( 1 m ) long . This enables the camera to take pictures in otherwise inaccessible places . Panoramic cameras take pictures covering a view of up to 360 ° . Others , such as the two models shown right , allow you to do general or macro photography underwater . ( Some cameras will take panoramic pictures underwater . )
Sometimes special purpose cameras are modified production designs , given a new housing , or a different lens or viewfinding system . Some are scaled up or down versions of other cameras , for example single or twin lens reflexes made for 4 × 5 ins sheet film . The normal wide - angle lens for a 8 x 10 ins camera can be fitted to a special body the Linhof Technorama which restricts the image to an 8 ins ( 20 cm ) long narrow format on rollfilm .
A specialized camera may be used as an auxiliary for another hobby altogether , like golf . The Check Polaphy with its array of eight shuttered lenses , will record the action of your swing as a rapid series of images on instant picture film .
Underwater cameras and housings
Cameras for underwater photo- graphy may be specially designed with watertight parts for direct submersion , as shown left . But you can adapt ordinary cameras by fitting them into special under- water housings . Underwater , your camera must be simple to operate . Film wind , aperture , and shutter controls have to couple up to large knobs and levers on the outside casing .
It is important not to exceed the maximum water pressure for your equipment . The simple quick - seal plastic bag , shown below left , is safe at shallow snorkel depths ; the camera , top left , can be used down to 165 ft ( 50 m ) and the rollfilm SLR housing , bottom left , will function down to 500 ft ( 150 m ) . Because of the filtering effect of water , flash is practically essential for color photography at depths of more than a few feet . You can buy a watertight acrylic housing for an ordinary electronic flashgun .
Panoramic cameras
A panoramic camera gives an extremely wide angle of view in one dimension , usually horizontal . This is achieved by a panning movement of the lens during exposure . The lens may rotate through 120 ° , 180 ° or even 360 ° . The camera , below right , gives a 140 ° horizontal scan using a 26 mm lens on normal , 35 mm film . Instead of the usual 36 expo- sures there is room on the film for only 21 pictures , 24 × 59 mm in size . You need a 2 ins square enlarger for making prints .
Panoramic cameras give spec- tacular " wide screen " images , well suited to horizontal subjects , such as the building , right .
Swivelling lens panoramic cameras
Most panoramic cameras have a swivelling lens . This can cover a very wide area , typically 180 ° , while the image remains stationary throughout exposure . The film , held in a curve , is swept by a nar- row aperture as the lens swivels .
Panoramic perspective
Subjects arranged in a curve record in a straight line . Horizontal lines curve toward two vanishing points outside each end of the frame .
Swivel lens panoramic camera
Special purpose cameras
Cameras designed for special purposes range from surveillance types , fitted with electronic image intensifiers for use in the dark , to aerial cameras and instant picture cameras ( see p . 210 ) . You can , for instance , buy cameras with endoscope lenses - the lens is set at the end of a narrow tube which may be up to a 3 ft ( 1 m ) long . This enables the camera to take pictures in otherwise inaccessible places . Panoramic cameras take pictures covering a view of up to 360 ° . Others , such as the two models shown right , allow you to do general or macro photography underwater . ( Some cameras will take panoramic pictures underwater . )
Sometimes special purpose cameras are modified production designs , given a new housing , or a different lens or viewfinding system . Some are scaled up or down versions of other cameras , for example single or twin lens reflexes made for 4 × 5 ins sheet film . The normal wide - angle lens for a 8 x 10 ins camera can be fitted to a special body the Linhof Technorama which restricts the image to an 8 ins ( 20 cm ) long narrow format on rollfilm .
A specialized camera may be used as an auxiliary for another hobby altogether , like golf . The Check Polaphy with its array of eight shuttered lenses , will record the action of your swing as a rapid series of images on instant picture film .
Underwater cameras and housings
Cameras for underwater photo- graphy may be specially designed with watertight parts for direct submersion , as shown left . But you can adapt ordinary cameras by fitting them into special under- water housings . Underwater , your camera must be simple to operate . Film wind , aperture , and shutter controls have to couple up to large knobs and levers on the outside casing .
It is important not to exceed the maximum water pressure for your equipment . The simple quick - seal plastic bag , shown below left , is safe at shallow snorkel depths ; the camera , top left , can be used down to 165 ft ( 50 m ) and the rollfilm SLR housing , bottom left , will function down to 500 ft ( 150 m ) . Because of the filtering effect of water , flash is practically essential for color photography at depths of more than a few feet . You can buy a watertight acrylic housing for an ordinary electronic flashgun .
Panoramic cameras
A panoramic camera gives an extremely wide angle of view in one dimension , usually horizontal . This is achieved by a panning movement of the lens during exposure . The lens may rotate through 120 ° , 180 ° or even 360 ° . The camera , below right , gives a 140 ° horizontal scan using a 26 mm lens on normal , 35 mm film . Instead of the usual 36 expo- sures there is room on the film for only 21 pictures , 24 × 59 mm in size . You need a 2 ins square enlarger for making prints .
Panoramic cameras give spec- tacular " wide screen " images , well suited to horizontal subjects , such as the building , right .
Swivelling lens panoramic cameras
Most panoramic cameras have a swivelling lens . This can cover a very wide area , typically 180 ° , while the image remains stationary throughout exposure . The film , held in a curve , is swept by a nar- row aperture as the lens swivels .
Panoramic perspective
Subjects arranged in a curve record in a straight line . Horizontal lines curve toward two vanishing points outside each end of the frame .
Swivel lens panoramic camera
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