تويت
الخطوة 2: معالجة الفيلم الملون .. معالجة الألوان والطباعة .. المرشد خطوة بخطوة للتصوير الفوتوغرافي
STEP 2 : COLOR FILM PROCESSING
Color film processing involves little addi- tional expense , once you are equipped for black and white work ( see p . 68 ) . You can use the same developing tank , timer , and thermometer ( providing it is accurate at temperatures of around 100 ° F / 38 ° C ) . You will require more graduates or plastic con- tainers , one for every chemical stage of the process , each large enough to hold a tankful of solution . Label each solution and number it in order of use to avoid contamination . You will also require a flat bottomed bowl or tray , large and deep enough to allow all the containers to stand in warm water up to the same level as their contents . During proces- sing the loaded tank should also stand in this water bath to maintain its temperature .
Processing chemicals
Color processing chemicals are available in kits which contain all the materials for a particular process . As this varies between different films , make sure you buy the right kit for your particular film . The chemicals are generally supplied in liquid form and simply require mixing or diluting for use .
You can use the solutions several times , but developers will need their processing time gradually increased with use . The maximum number of films you should pro- cess is about four 36 exposure 35 mm films per pint ( about seven films per liter ) of de- veloping solution . Other solutions have twice this processing capacity , so most kits con- tain double quantities of developer . After use , pour back each solution into its own labelled bottle .
The processing sequence
The temperatures of the solutions are criti- cal to color processing , sometimes with a tolerance as low as one third of one degree . The two tables at the bottom of the page show C41 color negative processing and E6 color slide processing . The solutions , times , and temperatures given apply only to these two processes . For other processes , check the kit instructions .
Before you start , make sure that the temperatures of the solutions are within the recommended range . Put each container in the warm water bath . The temperature of the water should be the same as the recom- mended developer temperature , and this should be checked throughout processing . Load the tank in complete darkness , follow- ing the method shown on page 69. If necessary , prewarm the outside of the tank with water at 100 ° F ( 38 ° C ) .
Use a standard routine to agitate the solutions , in accordance with the kit in- structions . Usually you should tap the tank several times as soon as it is filled with solution , to dislodge any air bubbles . Then , with developer , bleach , and fixer solutions , you should invert the tank several times every half minute during the allotted time . Always allow the last ten seconds of each stage to drain the tank , so as to minimize contamination of the next solution .
Soak both negatives and slides in the stabi- lizer solution after the last wash . The stabilizer hardens the film , acts as a wetting agent for drying , and reduces image dye fading . Most color films have an opalescent , almost unfixed appearance when wet . This disap- pears after drying but means that you should not try to judge your results before then .
Color film processing
Preparation
Put on rubber gloves and pour out all the solutions into numbered containers . Stand these in a tray full of hot water at about 118 ° F ( 48 ° C ) and wait for the solutions to warm up . Check the temperature of first developer . When this reaches 95-105 ° F ( 35 ° -40 ° C ) run hot or cold water into the bath until it is stable within the temperature tolerance . Have the loaded tank ready in the bath , and the timer , storage bottles . and funnel close at hand . Make sure that you have plenty of water at the correct temperature for washing the film .
The basic procedure
You should maintain the routine shown above for every stage in color film processing . Always check each solution temperature just before pouring it into the tank . Hold the tank at an angle while pouring to allow air bubbles to escape . Im- mediately start the timer , set to the correct time for this stage . Tap and agitate the tank as dir- ected during the set time , re- membering to replace it in the water bath between agitation . At each stage about ten seconds before the time is complete , begin pouring the solution back into its storage container .
Slide film sequence
The E6 slide processing times , temperatures , and solutions are shown in the table , right . Slide films take longer and are more complicated to process than color negatives because the image has to be " reversed " to form a positive . The total time needed , excluding drying , is 30 minutes .
The temperature of the first developer is most critical , but the temperature of the color developer must also be correct to within ° F ( 0.2 ° C ) . Once the film has been in the reversal bath you can remove the tank lid .
Keep a record of the number of films each chemical has processed . Make sure you wash and dry all processing equipment after use .
Negative film sequence
The C41 color negative processing sequence is shown right . Color negative processing typically in- volves six stages , and takes about 17 minutes excluding drying .
The temperature of the first stage color development - is most important because this really determines the color density of the final image . If you wish , you can remove the tank lid after the bleach- ing stage .
At the end , mark all the storage bottles with the number of films they have processed and thorough- ly wash out your equipment .
STEP 2 : COLOR FILM PROCESSING
Color film processing involves little addi- tional expense , once you are equipped for black and white work ( see p . 68 ) . You can use the same developing tank , timer , and thermometer ( providing it is accurate at temperatures of around 100 ° F / 38 ° C ) . You will require more graduates or plastic con- tainers , one for every chemical stage of the process , each large enough to hold a tankful of solution . Label each solution and number it in order of use to avoid contamination . You will also require a flat bottomed bowl or tray , large and deep enough to allow all the containers to stand in warm water up to the same level as their contents . During proces- sing the loaded tank should also stand in this water bath to maintain its temperature .
Processing chemicals
Color processing chemicals are available in kits which contain all the materials for a particular process . As this varies between different films , make sure you buy the right kit for your particular film . The chemicals are generally supplied in liquid form and simply require mixing or diluting for use .
You can use the solutions several times , but developers will need their processing time gradually increased with use . The maximum number of films you should pro- cess is about four 36 exposure 35 mm films per pint ( about seven films per liter ) of de- veloping solution . Other solutions have twice this processing capacity , so most kits con- tain double quantities of developer . After use , pour back each solution into its own labelled bottle .
The processing sequence
The temperatures of the solutions are criti- cal to color processing , sometimes with a tolerance as low as one third of one degree . The two tables at the bottom of the page show C41 color negative processing and E6 color slide processing . The solutions , times , and temperatures given apply only to these two processes . For other processes , check the kit instructions .
Before you start , make sure that the temperatures of the solutions are within the recommended range . Put each container in the warm water bath . The temperature of the water should be the same as the recom- mended developer temperature , and this should be checked throughout processing . Load the tank in complete darkness , follow- ing the method shown on page 69. If necessary , prewarm the outside of the tank with water at 100 ° F ( 38 ° C ) .
Use a standard routine to agitate the solutions , in accordance with the kit in- structions . Usually you should tap the tank several times as soon as it is filled with solution , to dislodge any air bubbles . Then , with developer , bleach , and fixer solutions , you should invert the tank several times every half minute during the allotted time . Always allow the last ten seconds of each stage to drain the tank , so as to minimize contamination of the next solution .
Soak both negatives and slides in the stabi- lizer solution after the last wash . The stabilizer hardens the film , acts as a wetting agent for drying , and reduces image dye fading . Most color films have an opalescent , almost unfixed appearance when wet . This disap- pears after drying but means that you should not try to judge your results before then .
Color film processing
Preparation
Put on rubber gloves and pour out all the solutions into numbered containers . Stand these in a tray full of hot water at about 118 ° F ( 48 ° C ) and wait for the solutions to warm up . Check the temperature of first developer . When this reaches 95-105 ° F ( 35 ° -40 ° C ) run hot or cold water into the bath until it is stable within the temperature tolerance . Have the loaded tank ready in the bath , and the timer , storage bottles . and funnel close at hand . Make sure that you have plenty of water at the correct temperature for washing the film .
The basic procedure
You should maintain the routine shown above for every stage in color film processing . Always check each solution temperature just before pouring it into the tank . Hold the tank at an angle while pouring to allow air bubbles to escape . Im- mediately start the timer , set to the correct time for this stage . Tap and agitate the tank as dir- ected during the set time , re- membering to replace it in the water bath between agitation . At each stage about ten seconds before the time is complete , begin pouring the solution back into its storage container .
Slide film sequence
The E6 slide processing times , temperatures , and solutions are shown in the table , right . Slide films take longer and are more complicated to process than color negatives because the image has to be " reversed " to form a positive . The total time needed , excluding drying , is 30 minutes .
The temperature of the first developer is most critical , but the temperature of the color developer must also be correct to within ° F ( 0.2 ° C ) . Once the film has been in the reversal bath you can remove the tank lid .
Keep a record of the number of films each chemical has processed . Make sure you wash and dry all processing equipment after use .
Negative film sequence
The C41 color negative processing sequence is shown right . Color negative processing typically in- volves six stages , and takes about 17 minutes excluding drying .
The temperature of the first stage color development - is most important because this really determines the color density of the final image . If you wish , you can remove the tank lid after the bleach- ing stage .
At the end , mark all the storage bottles with the number of films they have processed and thorough- ly wash out your equipment .
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