تويت
ملخص تقنيات الغرف المظلمة المتقدمة .. المرشد خطوة بخطوة للتصوير الفوتوغرافي
Film , exposure , and development
Select a combination of film and developer which suits your type of photography best . Slow film records fine detail but requires good lighting . If processed with a high acutance developer , detail on the negative is further brought out . A combination of fast film and a fine grain developer ( which reduces grain ) is useful for most general photography . Ultra - fast film plus speed enhancing developer is useful in very low lighting conditions .
The factors which most affect graininess on the negative are film speed , type and degree of development , and exposure .
Continuous tone films can record a very wide range of image tones , but those at the very top and bottom of the scale be- come poorly separated . These extremes on the scale are avoided except when you over- or underexpose , or photograph an extremely contrasty subject .
Increasing or reducing development to compensate for over- or underexposure alter the contrast . This limits the amount you can alter the development . You can record a high contrast subject by slight overexposure and underdevelopment , or a low contrast one by slight underexposure and overdevelopment . You can improve dense or thin negatives by using reducers or intensifiers , or compensate in printing by altering the enlarger light .
Special printing techniques
Two types of sheet film are useful for special printing techniques - continuous tone copying film and line film . ( Line film is a high contrast film which converts normal continuous tone images to stark black and white . ) Both of these films require long printing exposures like normal photographic paper . As a result you can control the image on the film . Special printing effects include bas - relief , solari- zation , and photograms . Solarization is produced by using line film and slightly fogging the image . Bas - relief is created by printing a positive and a negative of an image sandwiched together , slightly offset . Photograms are simple images produced without a camera , formed by contact printing objects direct on to printing paper .
Negative sandwiching , double printing and montage provide great scope for special effects in your pictures . They enable you to combine images taken at entirely different times and places .
Even after the darkroom stage your print can be made lighter ( with ferricyanide reducer ) , have selected parts bleached - out completely ( with iodine ) , or toned to change the color of the black silver image .
Mounting and presentation
For mounting use rubber or spray ad- hesive or , for finest and most permanent results , dry mounting . A dry mounter can also be used for texturing the print surface . Finally , you can protect and improve the appearance of your finished print by adding a mat and framing it .
Film , exposure , and development
Select a combination of film and developer which suits your type of photography best . Slow film records fine detail but requires good lighting . If processed with a high acutance developer , detail on the negative is further brought out . A combination of fast film and a fine grain developer ( which reduces grain ) is useful for most general photography . Ultra - fast film plus speed enhancing developer is useful in very low lighting conditions .
The factors which most affect graininess on the negative are film speed , type and degree of development , and exposure .
Continuous tone films can record a very wide range of image tones , but those at the very top and bottom of the scale be- come poorly separated . These extremes on the scale are avoided except when you over- or underexpose , or photograph an extremely contrasty subject .
Increasing or reducing development to compensate for over- or underexposure alter the contrast . This limits the amount you can alter the development . You can record a high contrast subject by slight overexposure and underdevelopment , or a low contrast one by slight underexposure and overdevelopment . You can improve dense or thin negatives by using reducers or intensifiers , or compensate in printing by altering the enlarger light .
Special printing techniques
Two types of sheet film are useful for special printing techniques - continuous tone copying film and line film . ( Line film is a high contrast film which converts normal continuous tone images to stark black and white . ) Both of these films require long printing exposures like normal photographic paper . As a result you can control the image on the film . Special printing effects include bas - relief , solari- zation , and photograms . Solarization is produced by using line film and slightly fogging the image . Bas - relief is created by printing a positive and a negative of an image sandwiched together , slightly offset . Photograms are simple images produced without a camera , formed by contact printing objects direct on to printing paper .
Negative sandwiching , double printing and montage provide great scope for special effects in your pictures . They enable you to combine images taken at entirely different times and places .
Even after the darkroom stage your print can be made lighter ( with ferricyanide reducer ) , have selected parts bleached - out completely ( with iodine ) , or toned to change the color of the black silver image .
Mounting and presentation
For mounting use rubber or spray ad- hesive or , for finest and most permanent results , dry mounting . A dry mounter can also be used for texturing the print surface . Finally , you can protect and improve the appearance of your finished print by adding a mat and framing it .
تعليق