تويت
الخطوة 2: معالجة الطباعة / إضافة حدود الطباعة .. تقنيات الغرف المظلمة المتقدمة .. المرشد خطوة بخطوة للتصوير الفوتوغرافي
STEP 2 : MANIPULATING THE PRINT / Adding print borders
The various special printing effects described on the following pages will not make bad photographs into good ones , but they can make a good image much stronger The modifications you can achieve range from simply adding print borders , to almost com- pletely transforming the original image .
Sheet film
For most of these printing techniques you require special 4 × 5 ins black and white sheet film . There are two main types avail- able : one for high contrast and one for low contrast . These films have emulsions with very slow ratings so you can use them under the enlarger giving long printing exposures and manipulating the results in a similar way to normal printing papers . Line film ( Kodaline or Ilfoline ) is a very high contrast sheet film . Normally it is used for photographing line drawings and lettering because it records all tones as either black or white . Continuous tone sheet film , such as Kodak Gravure Positive , gives normal contrast over a full range of tones - like photographic printing paper but on a film base . Both films must be handled under red or orange safelighting ( check the instruc- tions given on the box label ) .
Treat these two types of sheet film like normal photographic printing paper . Use normal print developer ( double strength for line film ) and process them in trays . You can expose them under the enlarger like normal printing paper , or in your camera . If you have a 35 mm camera , the 4 × 5 ins film must be cut to size and loaded , a frame at time for each new exposure under the appropriate safelighting .
Making black print borders
Cut out a rectangle the size of your picture from a sheet of black card . Then trim the rectangle evenly all the way round by an amount equal to the width of the border you want . Place the frame of black card on the printing paper on the baseboard . and expose the image . Then add the center piece of card so that an equal gap is left all round the print . Remove the negative from the enlarger and give the same exposure time again to fog the uncovered edges of the paper .
Prints which have pale toned areas at the edges of the picture , such as shown right , are strengthened by adding black borders .
Making a white vignette
Hold an opaque card about half way between the enlarging lens and baseboard . With the negative in position , turn on the enlarger . On the card , draw around the part of the image you want to be in- cluded in the vignette . Cut out this shape cleanly with a sharp knife . Hold the card in the same position above the baseboard throughout the printing exposure , moving it slightly to further soften the edge line . After processing the print borders will appear as shown right .
Making a black vignette
To make a black vignette use the same technique used for the white vignette , left , but this time use the piece of card you cut out . Tape this to a thin , stiff wire handle , as shown below . First , expose your image normally . Then remove the negative and give the same ex- posure time again , using the card to shade the area of the image you want to remain visible .
STEP 2 : MANIPULATING THE PRINT / Adding print borders
The various special printing effects described on the following pages will not make bad photographs into good ones , but they can make a good image much stronger The modifications you can achieve range from simply adding print borders , to almost com- pletely transforming the original image .
Sheet film
For most of these printing techniques you require special 4 × 5 ins black and white sheet film . There are two main types avail- able : one for high contrast and one for low contrast . These films have emulsions with very slow ratings so you can use them under the enlarger giving long printing exposures and manipulating the results in a similar way to normal printing papers . Line film ( Kodaline or Ilfoline ) is a very high contrast sheet film . Normally it is used for photographing line drawings and lettering because it records all tones as either black or white . Continuous tone sheet film , such as Kodak Gravure Positive , gives normal contrast over a full range of tones - like photographic printing paper but on a film base . Both films must be handled under red or orange safelighting ( check the instruc- tions given on the box label ) .
Treat these two types of sheet film like normal photographic printing paper . Use normal print developer ( double strength for line film ) and process them in trays . You can expose them under the enlarger like normal printing paper , or in your camera . If you have a 35 mm camera , the 4 × 5 ins film must be cut to size and loaded , a frame at time for each new exposure under the appropriate safelighting .
Making black print borders
Cut out a rectangle the size of your picture from a sheet of black card . Then trim the rectangle evenly all the way round by an amount equal to the width of the border you want . Place the frame of black card on the printing paper on the baseboard . and expose the image . Then add the center piece of card so that an equal gap is left all round the print . Remove the negative from the enlarger and give the same exposure time again to fog the uncovered edges of the paper .
Prints which have pale toned areas at the edges of the picture , such as shown right , are strengthened by adding black borders .
Making a white vignette
Hold an opaque card about half way between the enlarging lens and baseboard . With the negative in position , turn on the enlarger . On the card , draw around the part of the image you want to be in- cluded in the vignette . Cut out this shape cleanly with a sharp knife . Hold the card in the same position above the baseboard throughout the printing exposure , moving it slightly to further soften the edge line . After processing the print borders will appear as shown right .
Making a black vignette
To make a black vignette use the same technique used for the white vignette , left , but this time use the piece of card you cut out . Tape this to a thin , stiff wire handle , as shown below . First , expose your image normally . Then remove the negative and give the same ex- posure time again , using the card to shade the area of the image you want to remain visible .
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